• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.175-175
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• 2010

Adulterated Fuel is one of the most controversial issues due to its adverse effects to engine system and make it difficult to build up the sound distribution system. Typically, Solvent dissolved type among adulterated diesel fuel need much time and efforts to figure out through the experiments. In this paper, we analysis major properties(Kinematic viscosity and components pattern) of suspicious solvents and establish the correlations to substitute the experiments

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2014

Chloride ion ingress is one of the major problems that affect the durability of concrete structures such as bridge decks, concrete pavements, and other structures exposed to harsh saline environments. Therefore, durability based design of concrete structures in severe condition has gained great significance in recent decades and various mathematical models for estimating the service life of rein-forced concrete have been proposed. In spite of comprehensive researches on the corrosion of rein-forced concrete, there are still various controversial concepts in quantitation of durability parameters such as chloride diffusion coefficient and surface chloride content. Effect of environment conditions on the durability of concrete structures is one of the most important issues. Hence, regional investigations are necessary for durability based design and evaluation of the models. Persian Gulf is one of the most aggressive regions of the world because of elevated temperature and humidity as well as high content of chloride ions in seawater. The aim of this study is evaluation of some parameters of durability of RC structures in marine environment from viewpoint of corrosion initiation. For this purpose, some experiments were carried out on the real RC structures and in laboratory. The result showed that various uncertainties in parameters of durability were existed.

• Architectural research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2012

Build-Transfer-Lease (BTL) was introduced to the domestic construction market in 2005. Now, seven years later, the BTL model is most active for educational facilities. In 2011, 93 educational facility projects entered the maintenance stage. Considering the characteristics of today's BTL projects for educational facilities, the main issues are the initial performance and maintenance of educational facilities and the service-providing status for the 20-year operational management period, in relation to providing safety and convenience to students, the facility users. Seeking a solution, local education offices and departments in charge of BTL under the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology have been exploring various methods of evaluating operational maintenance performance from various perspectives. For educational facility BTL projects, however, the appropriateness of initial operation performance evaluation, rather than considering the 20-year operational management period, is controversial in regards to sustainability. On this account, performance evaluation items in four areas-operational maintenance evaluation, facility performance status evaluation, maintenance subject evaluation, and sustainable change response evaluation-should be extracted. An indicator of facility performance evaluation is presented in this study through an AHP survey targeting experts, as part of establishing an operation performance evaluation system for educational facility BTL projects.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.70.2-70.2
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• 2014

Galaxy clusters, the largest gravitationally bound systems, are an important means to place constraints on cosmological models. Moreover, they are excellent places to test galaxy evolution models in connection to the environments. To this day, massive clusters have been found unexpectedly(Kang & Im 2009, Durret et al. 2011, Tashikawa et al. 2012) and evolution of galaxies in cluster have been still controversial (Elbaz et al. 2007, Cooper et al. 2008, Tran et al. 2009). Finding galaxy cluster candidates in a wide, deep imaging survey data will enable us to solve the such issues of modern extragalactic astronomy. We have used multi-wavelength data from the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey Deep Extragalactic Survey (UKIDSS DXS/J and K bands), Spitzer Wise-area InfraRed Extragalactic survey (SWIRE/two mid-infrared bands), the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (PAN-STARRS/ g, r, i, z, y bands) and Infrared Medium-deep Survey(IMS/J band). We report new candidates of galaxy clusters and properties of their member galaxies in one of the wide and deep survey fields ELAIS-N1, European Large Area ISO Survey North1, covering sky area of $8.75deg^2$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.284-289
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• 2006

In 2003, Korean government made the 11 scopes of overburdened work[Ministry of Labor(MOL), Notification No. 2003-24] to prevent musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs). MOL Notification was established based on 'Washington Administrative Code 296-62-051, Ergonomics'. When initially investigating the contents, the labor unions and the specialists pointed out the possibility of devaluation on risk factors of MSDs. The present study aimed to compare the result of the NIOSH revised lifting equation(NLE) analysis with the MOL Notification(No.8, 9, 10) on manual lifting tasks. A study sample of 568 manual lifting tasks (automobile parts, foods, and tire manufacture) were evaluated for this study. All 502 tasks exceed lifting index(LI) of 1.0, but 276 tasks(55.0%) out of 502 tasks were evaluated non-over burdened work for musculoskeletal system by the MOL Notification. Particularly, 47 tasks(30.9%), in spite of exceeding LI of 3.0, were evaluated non-over burdened work. This study has shown the possibility of devaluation on risk factors of MSDs, when evaluated by MOL Notification. Therefore, it will be necessary to repeal or complement the scope of over-burdened work(MOL Notification) to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.159-175
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• 2007

Under U.S. Antidumping law, dumping occurs when 'subject merchandise' is imported into the United States and sold at less than 'fair value'. The administration of U.S. antidumping law is shared between the U.S. Department of Commerce(USDOC) and the U.S. International Trade Commission(USITC). USDOC's task is to determine whether imports are being dumped, and if so, to estimate the margin of dumping. In determining whether an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded, by reason of the subject imports, the USITC must first define the 'like product' and the 'domestic industry'. One of the crucial factors on antidumping measures is the interpretation's scope of the 'like product' and the 'domestic industry', leading the most controversial issues in U.S. antidumping law. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the 'domestic industry' and 'like product' considering U.S. antidumping law. Most USITC's determinations regarding like product and industry as flexible conception have been supported by the U.S. Courts.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.53-63
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• 2014

An important element to consider in information subjects is problem solving skills. It is problem solving skills that emphasize "practical usage of learning" in which knowledge of information subjects is integrated along with the cross curricular characteristics of the information subjects. What is usually considered paramount in a subject is knowledge, so the question is, should problem solving be considered more important in information subjects? This study discusses the foundation of subjects based on knowledge in information science, and the specifics of the 2014 amendment to the U.K. curriculum. And based on the core subjects of the U.K. curriculum, this study also offers educational implications as to how knowledge and problem solving skills should be discussed.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2010

Herbal hepatotoxicity is a one of the most often encountered controversial issues in medical society. Some believe herbs are totally safe while others regard treatment with herbs as a very common cause of hepatotoxicity. But there are no comparative clinical hepatotoxicity studies between herbal and conventional medicines. We investigated incidence of patients with abnormal liver function who were treated with herbal or conventional medicine at Dongguk University International Hospital. Each group consisted of 300 patients, who were admitted for longer than 30 days during the year 2008. We compared albumin, total bilirubin, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) levels, and excludes patients who had abnormal liver function test or liver-related disease when admitted. As a result, incidence of total bilirubin, AST, and ALT elevation in the CT (conventional treatment) group was more frequent than in the TKM (traditional Korean medicine) group (p<0.05) during admission. Albumin level also decreased more frequently in the CT group than in the TKM group (p<0.05). According to these results, herbal medicine is not more hepatotoxic than conventional medicine, and not a main cause of liver injury in inpatients.

• School Mathematics
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.667-686
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• 2010

The mathematics curriculum revision is currently underway based on the general curriculum revised in 2009. Two of the controversial issues in mathematics curriculum revision are 'grade band' and 'mathematical process'. To consider the introduction of those two aspects in mathematics curriculum, this study compares and analyzes international mathematics curricula focusing on grade band and mathematical process. As a result, grade band is judged to be not necessary, but mathematical process has a potential to provide practical implication for betterment of mathematics textbook and lesson.

• Proceedings of the CALSEC Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.261-267
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• 2003

This study deals with controversial issues surrounding the today′s cyber-taxation and recommends feasible consumption tax system architecture titled Global Electronic Tax Invoice System (GETI). The GETI is an electronic consumption tax architecture to provide "all-in-one" tax and e-payment services through a trusted third party (TTP). GETI is designed to streamline the overall cyber-taxation process and provide simplified and transparent tax invoice services through an authorized np. To ensure information security, GETI incorporates public Key infrastructure (PKI) based digital certificates and other data encryption schemes when calculating, reporting, paying, and auditing tax in the electronic commerce environment. GETI is based on the OECD cyber-taxation agreement that was reached in January 2001, which established the taxation model for B2B and B2C electronic commerce transactions. For the value added tax systems, tax invoice is indispensable to commerce activities, since they provide documentations to prove the validity of commercial transactions. As paper-based tax invoice systems are gradually phased out and are replaced with electronic tax invoice systems, there is an increasing need to develop a reliable, efficient, transparent, and secured cyber-taxation architecture. To design such architecture, several desirable system attributes were considered -- reliability, efficiency, transparency, and security. GETI was developed with these system attributes in mind.