• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2014

Endoscopic resection is the established treatment for early gastric cancer in selected patients with negligible risk of lymph node metastasis ('absolute indication'). Based on clinical observations and large pathological databases, expanding indications for endoscopic resection beyond absolute indication has been tried in Japan and Korea. However, controversies exist regarding the safety of treating early gastric cancer beyond absolute indication in terms of pathological evaluation of the resected specimen, definition of expanded indication, discrepancy between pre-endoscopic resection and post-endoscopic resection diagnoses of gastric neoplasm, and the best strategy for cases with non-curative resection. In this brief review, current evidence and clinical experience regarding issues of endoscopic resection beyond absolute indication will be summarized.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.33.1-33.1
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• 2011

The plasma sheet of the Earth's magnetosphere is a sheet of hot plasmas in the magnetotail region, dividing the two (northern and southern) lobes of the Earth's magnetic field. It is the key region that is often closely linked to various electromagnetic dynamics in the Earth's magnetosphere-ionosphere system. In particular, it is the region that is most crucial for substorms, which is one of the most dynamic phenomena in the Earth's magnetosphere. The question of substorm triggering remains highly controversial until today, and at the center of the controversy there are several critical physics issues of the plasma sheet. In this talk I will introduce some of the physics issues of the plasma sheet. The specific topics that this talk will cover are (i) the general properties of the plasma sheet, (ii) fast plasma jets and plasma transport problem, (iii) stability/instability problem, and (iv) effects of thin current sheet. I will also present some of our group's recent findings regarding these topics, as obtained by comprehensive analyses of various observational data. The level and content of this talk are designed to be comprehensible to not only space physicists but also the scientists in a related field such as solar and heliospheric physics.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.166-175
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• 2016

Purpose: Decision-making by dental and medical experts can be influenced by their biases, interests, and experiences, and academic arguments about controversial issues may additionally be considered indirect experiences capable of affecting decision-making. This study reports on the use of interactive communication devices to evaluate preferences and flexibility in decision-making among dental care providers who attended two distinct academic conferences. Methods: Two debates were presented by a team of two lecturers at two academic conferences (focusing on periodontology and implant dentistry, respectively) and the audience members of each session were surveyed. Before each lecture, two case modules about the diagnosis and treatment of multirooted molar lesions were provided, and interactive communication devices were used to collect responses about decision-making preferences in treatment planning immediately before and after a debate about treatment strategies. Results: In total, 81 and 84 completed answers from both conferences were obtained for the first and second case modules, respectively. The preferred treatment plan differed significantly according to the focus of the conference, and a tendency emerged for the clinicians participating in each conference to express uniform preferences. However, attending the debates resulted in significant changes in decision-making preferences regardless of the conference focus or the characteristics of the participants. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that providing continuing education via debates on controversial issues may be effective in widening conceptual knowledge and reducing biases among experts in the dental and medical fields.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.93-127
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• 2002

This paper deals with a class of Middle English impersonal constructions that involve verbs of two-place argument structure. As is generally understood, the term 'impersonal' is notoriously murky, and after all those researches that have been performed in this area, quite a few issues still remain controversial. The issues we center around in the present study concern the following two. In the type of impersonal constructions we consider, the two arguments-Cause and Experiencer-are both expressed in oblique case, posing the problem of determining which of them functions as the grammatical subject. The issue, however. is not how an argument in oblique case can be taken as the subject: it is well blown that the so called 'dative subject Experiencer' already occurred in Old English. The real issue is why both of the arguments are syntactically realized as nonnominative. The other issue concerns the 3rd-person singular form of the verb. Here again, the crux of the problem may be blurred by the fact that impersonal construction is often defined as one in which the verb has 3rd-person singular form with no apparent nominative W controlling verb concord. But this definition is more nebulous than clear because the notion 'subjectless' is itself highly controversial. Thus, for an expression like me thinketh that-S, it may well be that the verb thinketh ('seems') is 3rd-person singular because the that-clause is the subject. What should be explained of the data brought up here is why the impersonal verb is 3rd-person singular when neither of the NPs associated with it is 3rd person or singular. I argue that we can account for our paradigm examples by looking upon them as 'mixed construction' in which semantic interpretation conflicts with syntactic parsing as a result of case syncretism and gradual establishment of SVO word order. This amounts to saying that the peculiarities of the construction originate with the confused use of impersonal verbs between the sense of 'give an impression' and that of 'receive and impression.'

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.163-178
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of categorizing activities in lessons on improving critical thinking to meet energy environment issues in every day situation, supposing that there are not only scientific concepts but also critical thinking ability in scientific literacy to meet social controversies related with science intelligently. Categorizing Activity Program was developed and applied to the 10th grades(n=51) in Seoul for about one month. The program was consisted of two domains. They studied science concepts of various aspects of science, technology and society related with energy and environment in the first and second domain repectively, in the while, two critical tasks which include articles from newspapers and magazines were assigned to them for the development and evaluation of critical thinking abilities. The scores of critical thinking ability, the cognitive element, and critical thinking inclination, the affective element, were increased meaningfully(p<.05). In conclusion, categorizing activity as a strategy of concept attainment was effective in improving critical thinking for seeing various aspects with various view points needed in controversial issues related with energy and environment.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.353-365
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• 2014

Artificial islands, installations and structures have been used as a major means for ocean development and management since the early 20th century. The International legal regime to regulate the man-made offshore structures also have evolved and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) acts as a basic international instrument for that purpose. Although the Convention includes more detailed provisions on man-made offshore structures, there are some legal issues regarding jurisdiction of coastal State on the man-made offshore structures in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) or on the Continental shelf. For this reason, this article begins by reviewing the 1958 Convention on the Continental shelf and the UNCLOS by focusing on the EEZ and the Continental shelf regime governing the man-made offshore structures. It next examines some controversial international legal issues that have emerged from the regulation of man-made offshore structures in the EEZ or on the Continental shelf. This is followed by a review of the Korean domestic laws regulating artificial islands, installations and structures in the EEZ or on the continental shelf. Finally, it closes by summarizing the findings of the above examinations, and suggests some recommendations for future works.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.41-53
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to understand and verify the incentives as an important market environment and to help consumers use them effectively, and consequently to improve the consumer welfare. This study examined the representative incentive, the sales promotions which can effect on the consumer decision making process and current issues of them. For the purpose, a coffee specialty store was hypothesized and the subjects were 20∼30 years old, since the sales promotions can be more effective toward the younger consumers making their decisions low-involvement goods and services. The conclusions can be summarized as follows; Consumers understand the advantages and disadvantages of sales promotion very well, and use them rationally and usefully to maximize their satisfaction. the sales promotions act as incentives in the all steps of decision making processes. Generally, consumers prefer to get things at a good price, so in this survey, the discount coupons and the point accumulative membership had more effect than others. Consumers pointed out controversial issues of the sales promotions as follows: the sales promotions could bring about cost rising and unnecessary and/or impulse buying, and stir up speculative motivation. These are common serious problems in the sales promotions. The sales promotions are very useful tools in promoting sales but not fundamental in the long run. Marketers and manufacturers should keep it in mind that the best way to satisfy the consumers is to keep all things in good quality and moderate price.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.67-90
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• 2018

France has allowed a deprivation of nationality for terrorism since 1996 Law. After then, a series of law revision (1998, 2006 law and 2010, 2015-2015 reform tries) have not only linked an act of terror with nationality deprivation but also put the dual national and their deprivation at the centre of dispute. Both 2010 Immigration Law by Sarkozy and 2015-2016 constitutional amendment by Hollande had been not adopted but have combined immigrants and security issue together by firmly solidifying the relationship between dual national and terrorist. Especially in 2015-2016, the constitutional amendment that failed to be adopted has extended a state of emergency and left the nationality deprivation of dual national as controversial issue. After over 4 months of discussion, the amendment that contains a clause of a state of emergency and extension plan for nationality deprivation was abolished but the dual national issues which had been non-politicized has now become politicized, defined as security issues and finally securitized. It shows very two-stage process of securitization argued by Copenhagen school including Buzan. The importance of securitization notion by Copenhagen school lies on the fact that it scrutinizes the constructive elements of the process of securitization. The concept of securitization allows us to see the problem of the process that defines a non-politicized issue as security one by making it political matter. Applying this process of securitization into the controversy of nationality deprivation of dual nationals in France, we can find out the development of non-controversial and non-politicized dual national issues into social agenda by politicization through speech-act or announcement effect.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.209-214
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• 2023

Interest in Edutech increased rapidly during the pandemic. In a situation where face-to-face classes are impossible, Edutech has become an important issue for schools and the public. Therefore, this study reviewed newspaper articles in Edutech of major daily newspapers nationwide, analyzed the main contents, characteristics, and issues of discourse on this, and explored tasks. Edutech discourse initially emphasized most of its usefulness as an educational tool, but new issues emerged during the pandemic. Beyond the use of new technology, how to induce and sustain learners' will become an issue and remain a task. In addition, as a public education, securing fairness in school records and evaluations and protecting the personal information of related people became sensitive issues. In applying Edutech, the problem of preferential treatment for any technology company has also become controversial. This issue is an area other than technology, but it remains a task in the edutech problem.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Construction Safety
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to clearly recognize critical issues and to suggest relevant solutions for the issues since too many deaths and injuries due to industrial accidents has been going on for a long time, also the deaths of workers is a problem that affects not only one person's death but also many people connected with it and society as a whole. And the need for a strict Serious Accidents Punishment Act is sympathetic. However, the current Severe Accident Punishment Act is not welcomed by both labor and management due to its ambiguity, and it is suggested that the punishment and legislative content of the management manager who violated the duty to ensure safety and health is abstract and the level of punishment is excessive. In addition, due to the ambiguous part of the management manager's interpretation and serious industrial accidents, most companies appoint large law firms to receive legal interpretation and advice, so only law firms are getting full, and the cost that companies invest to protect the CEO is actually a safety accident. It is suggested that the current enforcement ordinance, which has ambiguity, needs to be revised because it must be entered into as a preventive cost.