• 제목/요약/키워드: Contrast tests

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Executive function and Korean children's stop production

  • Eun Jong Kong;Hyunjung Lee;Jeffrey J. Holliday
    • 말소리와 음성과학
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    • 제15권3호
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    • pp.45-52
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    • 2023
  • Previous studies have established a role for cognitive differences in explaining variability in speech processing across individuals. In the case of perceptual cue weighting in the context of a sound change, studies have produced conflicting results regarding the relationship between executive function and the use of redundant cues. The current study aimed to explore this relationship in acoustic cue weighting during speech production. Forty-one Korean-speaking children read a list of stop-initial words and completed two tests that assess executive function, i.e., Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) and digit n-back. Voice onset time (VOT) and fundamental frequency (F0) were measured in each word, and analyses were carried out to determine the extent to which children's executive function predicted their use of both informative and less informative cues to the three pairs comprising the Korean three-way stop laryngeal contrast. No evidence was found for a relationship between cognitive ability and acoustic cue weighting in production, which is at odds with previous, albeit conflicting, results for speech perception. While this result may be due to the lack of task demands in the production task used here, it nevertheless expands the empirical ground upon which future work in this area may proceed.

The Utility Evaluation of Reconstructed 3-D Images by Maximum Intensity Projection in Magnetic Resonance Mammography and Cholangiopancreatography

  • Cho, Jae-Hwan;Lee, Hae-Kag;Park, Cheol-Soo;Kim, Ham-Gyum;Baek, Jong-Geun;Kim, Eng-Chan
    • Journal of Magnetics
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.365-371
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    • 2014
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of 3-D images by comparing and analyzing reconstructed 3-D images from fast spin echo images of MRI cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) images using maximum intensity projection (MIP) with the subtraction images derived from dynamic tests of magnetic resonance mammography. The study targeted 20 patients histologically diagnosed with pancreaticobiliary duct disease and 20 patients showing pancreaticobiliary duct diseases, where dynamic breast MR (magnetic resonance) images, fast spin echo imaged of pancreaticobiliary duct, and 3-D reconstitution images using a 1.5T MR scanner and 3.0T MR scanner were taken. As a result of the study, the signal-to-noise ratio in the subtracted breast image before and after administering the contrast agent and in the reconstructed 3-D breast image showed a high ratio in the reconstructed image of lesional tissue, relevant tissue, and fat tissue. However, no statistically meaningful differences were found in the contrast-to-noise ratio of the two images. In the case of the MRCP image, no differences were found in the ratios of the fast spin echo image and reconstructed 3-D image.

디스플레이에서 조도와 대비비에 따른 가독성 비교 연구 (A Comparison of Legibility Based on Illumination Intensity and Contrast Ratio in Displays)

  • 홍지영;민장근
    • 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.71-76
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    • 2017
  • 사물을 분석하고 인지하는 분야에 해당하는 시지각은 시각의 생리학적인 측면과 시각체계의 인지적 측면에 대해 많은 연구가 이루어져 있으며 이를 바탕으로 설립된 시지각 이론이 각 분야별로 다양한 응용 가능성을 모색하고 있는 실정이다. 그러므로 뉴미디어 시대의 대표적 사례물 중 하나인 모바일 디스플레이가 강조되는 가운데, 시지각 연구를 기반으로 하여 보다 효용성 있는 시각적 인지 기반의 비중을 늘려야 한다는 인식이 본 연구의 기본적인 이해이다. 본 연구는 모바일 디스플레이를 대상으로 하여 조도와 배경의 밝기에 따른 가독성 관련 실험을 진행하고 이를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 두 가지 조건에 해당하는 조도의 환경 조건과 기존 모바일 디스플레이에서 가독성 향상 방안으로 제안되는 두 가지 배경의 밝기 조건을 대상으로 하여 가독성 관련 실험을 진행하였다. 본 연구에서 진행된 실험결과를 분석하여 조도와 배경의 밝기에 따른 가독성에 대해 유의미 여부를 정의하고 가독성 향상을 위한 방안을 제시한다.

Structural health monitoring of high-speed railway tracks using diffuse ultrasonic wave-based condition contrast: theory and validation

  • Wang, Kai;Cao, Wuxiong;Su, Zhongqing;Wang, Pengxiang;Zhang, Xiongjie;Chen, Lijun;Guan, Ruiqi;Lu, Ye
    • Smart Structures and Systems
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    • 제26권2호
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    • pp.227-239
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    • 2020
  • Despite proven effectiveness and accuracy in laboratories, the existing damage assessment based on guided ultrasonic waves (GUWs) or acoustic emission (AE) confronts challenges when extended to real-world structural health monitoring (SHM) for railway tracks. Central to the concerns are the extremely complex signal appearance due to highly dispersive and multimodal wave features, restriction on transducer installations, and severe contaminations of ambient noise. It remains a critical yet unsolved problem along with recent attempts to implement SHM in bourgeoning high-speed railway (HSR). By leveraging authors' continued endeavours, an SHM framework, based on actively generated diffuse ultrasonic waves (DUWs) and a benchmark-free condition contrast algorithm, has been developed and deployed via an all-in-one SHM system. Miniaturized lead zirconate titanate (PZT) wafers are utilized to generate and acquire DUWs in long-range railway tracks. Fatigue cracks in the tracks show unique contact behaviours under different conditions of external loads and further disturb DUW propagation. By contrast DUW propagation traits, fatigue cracks in railway tracks can be characterised quantitatively and the holistic health status of the tracks can be evaluated in a real-time manner. Compared with GUW- or AE-based methods, the DUW-driven inspection philosophy exhibits immunity to ambient noise and measurement uncertainty, less dependence on baseline signals, use of significantly reduced number of transducers, and high robustness in atrocious engineering conditions. Conformance tests are performed on HSR tracks, in which the evolution of fatigue damage is monitored continuously and quantitatively, demonstrating effectiveness, adaptability, reliability and robustness of DUW-driven SHM towards HSR applications.

기술적인 화질 지표 조절양 최적화를 통한 감성 화질 향상 방안 (Methodologies to Improve Emotional Image Qualities by Optimizing Technological Image Quality Metrics)

  • 유재희
    • 감성과학
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.57-66
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    • 2017
  • 다양한 이미지 샘플의 Eye test를 바탕으로 기술적인 화질 지표 조절을 통하여 감성 화질을 최적화 시키는 방법이 소개된다. 여러 가지 이미지 콘텐츠의 다양한 이미지에 대하여, 콘트라스트, 명도, 채도 화질 지표 톤 커브를 사용하여 평가가 수행 되었다. 이미지 화질 향상에 기여하는 우선순위는 명암, 채도 및 밝기 순으로 분석 되었다. 이미지 감성 화질 측정치의 기술적인 화질 지표 변화에 따른 기울기의 공통점을 살펴본 결과, 거의 0, 중간 그리고 최대 기울기의 영역으로 구성된 함수 형태로 모델링을 할 경우, 기존의 역 U 형태의 성질 뿐 아니라 log 또는 포화 형태의 감성 화질 변화까지 분석 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 단일 및 복수의 화질 지표의 경우에 대하여도 화질 개선 방안이 모색되었으며, 기존 및 본 논문에서 분석된 결과를 위한 새로운 함수가 소개 되었다. 복수의 통합적 이미지 화질 지표를 통하여 향상 시킬 경우 오직 몇몇 한정된 지표 제어의 경우에만 실현 가능하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 화질 향상 방법은 영상 콘텐츠에 따라 크게 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었다.

보청기에서 음성 대비 강조에 의해 발생할 수 있는 마스킹 현상 (Acoustic Masking Effect That Can Be Occurred by Speech Contrast Enhancement in Hearing Aids)

  • 전유용;양동권;방동혁;길세기;이상민
    • 재활복지공학회논문지
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.21-28
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    • 2007
  • 대부분의 보청기에서는 난청인의 청력 손실을 보상하기 위해 음성 증폭 알고리즘과 잡음 및 피드백을 제거하기 위한 알고리즘 등을 사용하고 있고, 음성의 인지율을 높이기 위해서 음성의 대비를 강조하는 알고리즘을 사용한다. 음성 대비 강조 알고리즘 사용 시 과도한 대비증폭에 의해서 포먼트(formant) 사이에서 마스킹 현상이 발생할 수 있다. 마스킹 현상을 확인하기 위해서 6가지의 주관적인 평가와 1가지의 객관적인 평가를 수행하였다. 주관적인 평가로는 순음 검사, 어음 청취 역치 검사, 낱말 분별력 검사, 순음 마스킹 검사, 포먼트 순음 마스킹 검사, 어음 마스킹 검사로 이루어져있고 객관적인 평가를 위해서 LLR(log likelihood ratio)을 도입하였다. 정상 청각 피험자와 난청 피험자의 결과로 미루어 볼 때, 난청 피험자가 마스킹이 잘 일어난다는 것을 볼 수 있었고, 어음을 이용한 마스킹 검사에서는 마스킹에 의해서 난청 피험자에서 어음에 대한 인지율이 떨어지는 결과를 볼 수 있다. 이러한 현상은 포먼트 향상에 의한 왜곡 때문이 아닌 마스킹 때문이다. 그러므로 마스킹 효과의 특성을 조사하여, 보청기 적합 시, 이러한 마스킹 특성을 고려하는 것이 필요하다.

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The acoustic cue-weighting and the L2 production-perception link: A case of English-speaking adults' learning of Korean stops

  • Kong, Eun Jong;Kang, Soyoung;Seo, Misun
    • 말소리와 음성과학
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2022
  • The current study examined English-speaking adult learners' production and perception of L2 Korean stops (/t/ or /t'/ or /th/) to investigate whether the two modalities are linked in utilizing voice onset time (VOT) and fundamental frequency (F0) for the L2 sound distinction and how the learners' L2 proficiency mediates the relationship. Twenty-two English-speaking learners of Korean living in Seoul participated in the word-reading task of producing stop-initial words and the identification task of labelling CV stimuli synthesized to vary VOT and F0. Using logistic mixed-effects regression models, we quantified group- and individual-level weights of the VOT and F0 cues in differentiating the tense-lax, lax-aspirated, and tense-aspirated stops in Korean. The results showed that the learners as a group relied on VOT more than F0 both in production and perception (except the tense-lax pair), reflecting the dominant role of VOT in their L1 stop distinction. Individual-level analyses further revealed that the learners' L2 proficiency was related to their use of F0 in L2 production and their use of VOT in L2 perception. With this effect of L2 proficiency controlled in the partial correlation tests, we found a significant correlation between production and perception in using VOT and F0 for the lax-aspirated stop contrast. However, the same correlation was absent for the other stop pairs. We discuss a contrast-specific role of acoustic cues to address the non-uniform patterns of the production-perception link in the L2 sound learning context.

상강화기의 임상평가 (Clinical Evaluation for System Performance of Image Intensifiers)

  • Kim, Chang-Seon;Charles R. Wilson
    • 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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    • 제9권3호
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    • pp.143-154
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    • 1998
  • 상강화기는 형광 영상장치에서 영상의 특성을 결정하는 주된 요소이다. 본 연구는 두가지의 상강화기를 임상에서 평가하기 위하여 간단하고 비파괴적이며 적당한 시간내에 행할 수 있는 계의 활동 프로그램을 제시하였다. 이 프로그램은 크게 세 부분 즉, X-선 발생장치, 영상의 질, 조준으로 되어있다. X-선의 발생장치에 대하여 관전압의 정확도와 자동노출 조절기능을 비교하였다. 영상의 질을 위해서는 저대비 및 고대비 분해능 측정, 체격자 실험 등을 수행하였으며 이 실험에서는 비디오 모니터 및 순간영상을 필름화한 정량적인 분석을 분석하였다. 조준에 대해서는 상강화기의 유용한 영역의 직경과 상의 찌그러짐을 측정하고 정량적인 분석을 하였다. 이 실험들의 과정 및 결과들이 상강화기의 인수검사 및 계의 활동지수를 평가하는데 이용되기를 바란다.

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Comparison of One-Tube Nested-PCR and PCR-Reverse Blot Hybridization Assays for Discrimination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection in FFPE tissues

  • Park, Sung-Bae;Park, Heechul;Bae, Jinyoung;Lee, Jiyoung;Kim, Ji-Hoi;Kang, Mi Ran;Lee, Dongsup;Park, Ji Young;Chang, Hee-Kyung;Kim, Sunghyun
    • 대한의생명과학회지
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.426-430
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    • 2019
  • Currently, molecular diagnostic assays based on nucleic acid amplification tests have been shown to effectively detect mycobacterial infections in various types of specimen, however, variable sensitivity was shown in FFPE samples according to the kind of commercial kit used. The present study therefore used automated PCR-reverse blot hybridization assay (REBA) system, REBA Myco-ID HybREAD 480®, for the rapid identification of Mycobacterium species in various types of human tissue and compared the conventional one-tube nested-PCR assay for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). In conventional nested-PCR tests, 25 samples (48%) were MTB positive and 27 samples (52%) were negative. In contrast, when conducted PCR-REBA assay, 11 samples (21%) were MTB positive, 20 samples (39%) were NTM positive, 8 samples (15%) were MTB-NTM double positive, and 13 samples (25%) were negative. To determine the accuracy and reliability of the two molecular diagnostic tests, the one-tube nested-PCR and PCR-REBA assays, were compared with histopathological diagnosis in discordant samples. When conducted nested-PCR assay, 10 samples (59%) were MTB positive and seven samples (41%) were negative. In contrast, when conducted PCR-REBA test, three samples (17%) were MTB positive, 10 samples (59%) were NTM positive and four samples (24%) were negative. In conclusion, the automated PCR-REBA system proved useful to identify Mycobacterium species more rapidly and with higher sensitivity and specificity than the conventional molecular assay, one-tube nested-PCR; it might therefore be the most suitable tool for identifying Mycobacterium species in various types of human tissue for precise and accurate diagnosis of mycobacterial infection.

Flexural performance of double skin composite beams at the Arctic low temperature

  • Yan, Jia-Bao;Dong, Xin;Wang, Tao
    • Steel and Composite Structures
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    • 제37권4호
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    • pp.431-446
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    • 2020
  • This paper presents the flexural performance of double skin composite beams (DSCBs) at different Arctic low temperatures. 12 DSCBs were prepared and tested under two-point loading at different Arctic low temperatures of 20, -30, -50, and -70℃. The studied parameters include low-temperature level (T), steel-faceplate thickness (t), shear span ratio (λ), and spacing of headed studs (S). The experimental investigations under two-point loading tests showed that flexural failure occurred to all DSCBs, even including the specimen designed with the small λ ratio of 2.9. The ultimate strength behaviours of DSCBs were improved due to the improved mechanical properties of constructional materials and the confinement on shear connectors. The DSCB subjected to two-point loading and low temperatures exhibits a five-stage working mechanism. The stiffness and strength indexes of DSCBs increase linearly with temperature and t value increasing, while decreasing as shear span ratio boosts. In the contrast, the change of S value from 150 to 200 mm has little effect on the ultimate strength behavior of DSCB.