• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제26권7호
• /
• pp.93-108
• /
• 2022

Purpose - This paper examines the admissibility of restitution as the legal consequence where a contract is frustrated under the Law of Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 in comparison with Korean Civil Code (KCC). In order to provide practical guidelines and advice regarding choice of and application of law for contracting parties in international trade, the paper comparatively evaluates requirements and the scope of restitution under the Act 1943 and KCC. Design/methodology - This paper executes a comparative study to analyze whether the parties may claim restitution of money paid or non-money benefit obtained before or after the time of discharge under English law and KCC. To achieve the purpose, it focuses on the identifying characteristics of each statute, thereby providing guidelines to overcome difficulties in legal application and interpretation as to restitution as the consequence of frustration. Findings - Under English law, the benefit may be restituted according to Art 1943 or the common law rule, mistake of fact or law. Under the KCC, restitution is considered based on the principle of the obligation to recover the original obtained regardless of the time when the benefit is conferred. Whilst Act 1943 does not require careful analysis of the grounds of restitution, requirements to justify restitution according to the principle of unjust enrichment, mistake of fact or law, and the KCC should be met. Meanwhile, the KCC may provide more opportunities to award restitution because it does not require the burden of proof related to the defendant's good faith, unlike the principle of unjust enrichment. Originality/value - Where the contract is frustrated by the effect of COVID-19, one legal issue is a consequence of frustration. Therefore, this paper analyzes requirements and the scope of restitution under English law as compared with the KCC in a timely manner. It provides contracting parties with practical guidelines and advice to reduce unpredictability when they choose the governing law in a contract.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제26권7호
• /
• pp.167-184
• /
• 2022

Purpose - This paper analyzes all possible issues that need to be considered in case disputes occur with regard to force majeure in international commercial contracts through the comparative study between English and Korean during COVID-19. Design/methodology - This paper belongs to the field of explanatory legal study, which aims to explain and test whether the choice of law is linked to the conditions that occur in the reality of judicial practice. The juridical approach involves studying and examining theories, concepts, legal doctrines, and legislation that are related to the problem. Findings - English law does not permit general economic impracticability to qualify as a valid force majeure event. If a party asserts that they were prevented from performing the contract, the courts will examine this strictly. Many commercial contracts in a broad range of sectors and industries are chosen by parties to be governed by English law. With COVID-19, there have been discussion of parties being released from performance as a result of force majeure. Meanwhile, under Korean law, a force majeure event should be unforeseeable and beyond a party's control. Since COVID-19 is a known event for future contracts, to avoid the risk that a similar situation in the future is deemed foreseeable and under a party's control, parties must ensure that such a risk is properly addressed in a contract. Therefore, it is necessary to have a new clause to cover a pandemic. Originality/value - In light of the ongoing unexpected and uncertain economic impacts COVID-19 is expected to bring to the world, it is anticipated that companies will experience an increased number of claims involving force majeure around the world, including English and Korea. As such, taking proactive steps to assess the applicable legal principles, including the concept of force majeure of contract, will help companies be prepared for the financial or legal implications of COVID-19. In this regard, it would be advisable for companies and businesses to take specific actions.

• 정보화정책
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.88-105
• /
• 2024

많은 기업에서 핵심 역량 집중과 효율적 운영을 위해 정보시스템(IS) 운영 아웃소싱을 도입하고 있다. 그러나, 대부분 인력 기반 산정 방식(Head Counting)을 적용하고 있고, 이는 사업 비용을 객관적인 기준이나 체계 없이 당사자 간의 합의에 따라 산정하는 방식으로 계약까지 소모적인 논쟁이 발생한다. 또한, 인력 기반의 아웃소싱 계약 환경에서는 고객사와 IT서비스 제공사 모두 생산성, 효율, 품질 향상에 대한 동기부여가 미흡하여 기업 경쟁력 확보에 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 실제 그룹사 기반의 IT서비스 기업에서 오랫동안 고객사와 협의를 거쳐 개발하고 실제 계약에 적용하기로 합의한 IS 운영 아웃소싱 가격모델 개발과정과 이를 기반으로 IT서비스 경쟁력을 확보해가기 위해 추진해 온 활동들을 소개함으로써, 향후 아웃소싱 계약방식 전환을 시도하는 기업들에 현실적인 가이드를 제시하고자 한다.

• ETRI Journal
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.423-436
• /
• 2003

This paper describes our design of a contents distribution framework that supports transparent distribution of digital contents on the Internet as well as copyright protection of participants in the contents distribution value chain. Copyright protection must ensure that participants in the distribution channel get the royalties due to them and that purchasers use the contents according to usage rules. It must also prevent illegal draining of digital contents. To design a contents distribution framework satisfying the above requirements, we first present four digital contents distribution models. On the basis of the suggested distribution models, we designed a contract system for distribution of royalties among participants in the contents distribution channel, a license mechanism for enforcement of contents usage to purchasers, and both a packaging mechanism and a secure client system for prevention of illegal draining of digital contents.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 제어로봇시스템학회 2001년도 ICCAS
• /
• pp.106.1-106
• /
• 2001

American options no doubt is invariably more popular than European options, due to the fact that it gives the owner the option to exercise a contract before and up to the expiration date, unlike an European option, which only allows the owner to exercise a contract on the date of expiration. Owing to its popularity, many methods like the binomial numerical method and the pseudo American method have been devised for computing of the value of the American options. The aim of this research is to develop an effective 3-dimensional visualization for American option portfolio based on the Geske-Roll-Whaley model. It is obvious that it is extremely tedious and unadvisable for researchers to interprte chunks of data by looking at graphs or pie charts, which are simple but not effective for analyzing important dta. Hence, the generation of the Geske-Roll-Whaley ...

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국철도학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.940-956
• /
• 2004

In the course of studying the design of securing the 100-year-long durability of 100 years the subway structure according to the requested service by the Seoul Metropolitan Subway Construction Headquarters, we analyzed 14 construction sites adopting the durability design in subway line No. 9 and concluded as follows: 1. When comparing with 158, the environment index presented for securing 100-year-long durability of subway structure in subway line No. 9, the index of durability was verified as 159.7$\~$179.8 2. When examining the increase value of durability index, we verified that the constructors didn't make various choices in method but they employed the uniformly selected system. 3. Under consideration of the bid form, the construction under bid contract in bulk gave the impacts on the construction cost with attention to selection of the durability index, while the construction under alternative contract in bid adopted uniformly the standard presented by the ordering party.

• 국제학술발표논문집
• /
• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
• /
• pp.995-999
• /
• 2009

Before a contractor embarks on exporting its services, it needs to know if it is likely to succeed. This research developed two prediction models to help contractors in Singapore predict the number of projects (Y1) and the contract values (Y2) that they are likely to secure from overseas. Detailed characteristics of 60 contractors who export their services (exporters) were obtained from the database of registered contractors in Singapore. Multiple linear regression models were developed and tests showed that Y1 is a robust model. A contractor's chance of winning more overseas projects may be predicted by the number of projects it acted as a subcontractor; the variety of projects it undertakes; the total contract value in the domestic market; and the number of countries it exported its services to. It is recommended that contractors who are planning to export their services be flexible instead of adopt a focused policy of undertaking only one or two project types in a few selected countries.

• 무역학회지
• /
• 제46권6호
• /
• pp.225-238
• /
• 2021

This study analyzed the recent precedents of the Korean Supreme Court's Royalty and License fee on this issue and presented implications for future taxation of Royalty and License fee and digital content imports related to reproduction rights. If the price related to imported goods and the price not related to them are combined, it is necessary to revise the statutes to supplement the allocation method of royalty and license fee. In addition, if there is an agreement or a back contract for intellectual property rights through the headquarters or branch office other than the trading party, a method of inducing the importer to voluntarily report it when reporting imports should be considered. Whether Royalty and License fee is taxed or not must be determined after examining the various contract details and circumstances of the transaction.

• 기술혁신연구
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2012

우리나라는 1983년에 절충교역 제도를 도입하여 국방 전력증강의 효율적 수단으로 활용하여 왔다. 그런데 절충교역은 계약체결이 획득기술에 대한 가치평가 결과를 근거로 이루어지기 때문에 국외업체와의 협상 등 업무과정상 지연될 가능성이 존재한다. 절충교역 계약체결이 지연되면 무기체계 구매사업이 늦어져 국방 전력증강에 심각한 악영향을 주게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 절충교역 계약 과정, 특히 계약 소요기간에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 통계적으로 분석하여 소요기간을 결정하는 요인을 규명하고자 하였다. 영향 요인으로는 국외업체 국적, 사업진행 형태 (경쟁/단독 입찰), 사업 특성 (최초/계속 사업), 최초 제안기술의 수, 국내 무기체계 분야별 국방과학기술수준, 기본사업 규모 등 6개를 고려하였다. 가설 검증은 절충교역 계약이 체결된 25개 사업을 대상으로, 상관분석 및 다중회귀분석을 통하여 이루어졌다. 상관분석 결과에 의하면, 기본사업 규모, 최초 제안기술의 수, 사업 특성 등이 종속변수인 절충교역 계약 기간과 양의 상관관계를 갖고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 다중회귀분석 결과에서는 기본사업 규모와 사업진행 형태가 절충교역 계약 소요기간에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 융합정보논문지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 2021

블록체인 기술이 부동산 거래분야에서도 활발히 연구되고 있으며 부동산 거래는 다양한 방법이 있다. 본 논문에서는 오프라인상 법원 경매의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 이더리움의 Ether를 사용하여 경매 시스템의 인증 절차를 간소화하는 모델을 제안한다. 제안하는 모델은 이더리움의 Solidity언어로 작성하고 법원에서 매각기일 및 매물의 Meta date를 DApp 브라우저에 등록하고 입찰자는 Meta mask의 Private key를 통해 만들어진 개인의 지갑 주소에 접속한다. 그리고 입찰자는 원하는 매물을 선택, 입찰가격 금액을 입력하여 경매에 참여한다. 입찰자가 원하는 매물의 입찰가격이 가장 높은 입찰자의 기록을 이더리움 테스트 네트워크에 스마트 계약으로 작성하고 블록을 생성한다. 마지막으로 네트워크에서 작성된 스마트 계약은 법원 경매 관리자가 블록체인 네트워크의 모든 노드에 배포하고, 블록체인 네트워크의 각 노드들은 열람 및 계약을 확인할 수 있다. 제안하는 모델의 스마트 계약과 시스템의 성능을 분석한 결과로 이더리움을 이용하는 플랫폼에서 Ether를 생성 및 사용, 그리고 참여로 인해 발생하는 수수료가 있다. Ether의 가치 변화에 따라 매물의 가격에 영향을 끼치며 매번 스마트 계약에서 일정하지 않은 수수료가 발생한다. 하지만 향후 연구에서는 자체 토큰을 발행하여 Ether의 가치 변화에 따른 시세 변동성 문제와 수수료 문제를 해결하며 복잡한 법원경매 시스템을 세분화한다.