• Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.624-634
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• 2018

Indonesia has become a net crude oil importer because of the reduction of a new oil field discovery, and Indonesia is attempting to raise investment funds through the Kerja Sama Operasi (KSO) contract to develop a small-scale field. However, the KSO has a high-risk and low-return contract system for investors, necessitating an economic evaluation to examine the feasibility of the project. This study performed economic evaluation on the development of an Indonesian small-scale field by applying the KSO contract conditions, and identified the major economic parameters through a sensitivity analysis. As a result, the oil price, CAPEX and OPEX were identified as influential factors for economic evaluation. The results also indicate that commercial production in small-scale fields is difficult. In the future, this study can be used as a reference resource for investment in oil and gas development projects in Indonesia.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.1D
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• pp.105-113
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• 2006

Construction cost index is generally used to estimate the new project cost based on past construction data and to adjust the contract cost when the price change of various articles and items of expenditure composing the contract occurs. In Korea, it is mostly used for modulation of construction contract cost due to fluctuation of prices. However the method for making cost index had some problems in calculating cost index of each expenditure item that could not properly reflect the change of construction cost. To supplement these problems, the research of developing construction cost index has been executed. Through the precedent research, these problems were partially resolved but still remain. Therefore this research proposes the method for making cost index that utilizes representative items of labor, material, equipment by analyzing bill of quantity of road construction, through analysis and comparison of precedent studies. By using this method, it is expected to solve the problems which were not reflected in preceeding studies.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.75-91
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the multi-level marketing(MLM) on consumer by examing the degree of damage and the consumers's satisfaction with MLM as well as the overall realities of MLM including the degree of the recognition and the distribution route of the commodities. We analyzed 256 cases which had experienced with MLM among 430 questionnaires collected. The resulted are as follows. 1) Consumers showed a lack of knowledge about MLM regardless of experiencing it. And they were recognized positively with the quality and the availability of the commodities. Expendables such as kitchen utensils and cosmetics were the most favored articles. 2) Transactions with no written contract were the most frequent damage to the consumers, followed by no price-tag and the marketer's refusal of exchange or refund. 3) When we compared the degree of consumer's satisfaction with MLM to the ordinary distribution in terms of the price, quality of goods and the service offered, the consumers were satisfied with the quality of the commodities, though their whole impressin of MLM was not so much favorable.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.213-220
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• 2009

A revenue sharing contract is one of the mechanisms that coordinate decision makers in a decentralized supply chain toward the consensual goal. The transfer prices between different echelons in the supply chain influence the total supply chain profits. The study aims to explore various transfer pricing heuristics on the supply chain coordination in terms of the supply chain profits and their interactions with the revenue sharing rate. A model is proposed for formulating the collaborative production and distribution planning in a decentralized supply chain with the revenue sharing mechanism. Experiment results indicate that the transfer price and the revenue sharing rate affect significantly the coordination. Among the studied pricing heuristics, the variable-cost pricing method led to the best SC profits. Raising the revenue sharing rate reduced the SC profits no matter what heuristics were employed. Furthermore, the experiments provide us clues for finding the optimal transfer price for the supply chain.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

In an electricity market, the spot market is normally integrated with a forward or future market. The advantage of the forward market is to allow the market participants to deal in a part or the whole trading portfolio at a fix price in advance and to avoid risk associated to the uncertain price of the spot market. Japan has introduced a continuous auction base forward market from April 2005. This paper analyzes the Japanese forward market rules and operations, and introduces a new algorithm that may improve the efficiency of the market itself. The proposed algorithm enables us to give consideration to the specific characteristics of the power system and to integrate them in the auction mechanism. The benefits of the proposed algorithm are verified on an electronic simulation platform and the results described in this paper.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.371-380
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• 2012

Although all costs concerned in transportation be separated by region and each terms and conditions of Incoterms that state cleary them who have to pay the charges. But, almost lcl exporters donot want to pay their charges the carriers at loading port eventhough they make the contracts with the importer as FOB and CFR of Incoterms. And the carrier have been do not bill the FOB charges to the shipper. Now, there are no more Incoterms in LCL transportation. So, the importer have been payed loading port charges twice, first, the contract with the shipper, secondly, through the destination charge. These problems make decreasing of trading volume and increasing of logistics costs. We suggest every traders and carriers separate the costs as per the price terms and conditions of incoterms and bill/receive the costs separated the trader who have to pay the charges as per their price terms. It will bring mutual success in the world and increasing trade.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.176-185
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• 2010

구매 계약과 구매에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 상품 가격에 반응하는 소비자의 행동은 꾸준한 주목을 받아왔다. 기존의 많은 연구에서 소비자는 상품을 사거나 계약을 할 때 과거 있었던 가격 또는 변할 수 있는 미래 가격을 고려하지 않고 현재 주어진 가격에만 반응을 보인다는 가정을 하였다. 또 다른 연구에서는 소비자는 미래 있을 가격이 어떠한 확률 분포를 따르는 지를 정확히 알고 반응을 보인다고 조금은 과장된 가정을 하였다. 하지만 최근의 연구에서는 소비자가 상품 판매자의 가격 결정 정책을 고려하면서 상품 구매 또는 구매 계약을 한다는 즉 가격에 민감한 반응을 보인다는 가정을 하게 되었다. 이 연구에서는 소비자가 상품 구매나 구매 계약 시 필요한 정보들 중 가장 중요한 상품의 가격을 어떻게 얻어서 이용하는지 분석해 보고자 한다. 즉 상품의 미래 가격 변화를 소비자가 어떻게 추정하여 구매 계약과 구매 시 이용 하는지를 분석하고자 한다. 이 연구에서는 소비자가 상품 구매 계약 시 가격을 추정하는 방법으로 과거의 경험에서 얻어진 가격들을 이용한다는 가정하의 수학적 모형을 세워 소비자의 가격 추정이 실제 상품 구매와 계약에 미치는 영향 그리고 판매자의 가격 결정에 미치는 영향을 분석해 보았다.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.67-86
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• 2020

This study analyzes the buyer's remedies for defects in title under DCFR, and it is compared with those of CISG. DCFR adopts a unitary concept of 'non-performance' which is any failure and includes delayed performance and any other performance which is not conformed with the contract. In terms of defects in title, any remedies for non-performance are available under DCFR. Thus. under DCFR, the buyer is entitled to enforce specific performance of obligations, to withhold performance, to terminate for fundamental non-performance, to reduce price, to damage for loss, to require repair, or to deliver a replacement. But under CISG, whether or not defects in title constitute 'non-conformity' is not clear and the majority understands 'non-conformity' does not include title defects. Therefore, the buyer may not has rights to require repair and delivery of replacement unlike DCFR.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.417-425
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• 2006

The purpose of this study were to a) investigate operation of human resource in contract foodservice management company (CFMC), b) identify the staffing indices for the establishment an labor productivity for CFMC, and c) develop standardized model of staffing demand as foodservice's scale in CFMC. The data was collected using FS intra-net system from 138 contract-managed foodservice operations in A CFMC and statistical analysis was completed using the SAS/win package (ver. 8.0) for description analysis, ANOVA, Duncan multiple comparison, pearson correlation analysis, and regression analysis. The types of operation were included factory (45%), small scale operation (26%), office (11%), department store (10%), training institute (4%), and hospital (3%). The distribution of foodservice scale was classified by meal served was as follows; 'less than 500 meals (47%)', 'from 500 to 1500 meals (25%)', 'from 1500 to 2500 meals (17%)', and 'more than 2500 meals (12%)'. There was two types of contract method, fee-contract (53%) and profit-and-loss contract (46%) Some variables were significantly high operation indices such as selling price, food cost, monthly sales, net profit and others were significantly low operation indices such as labor, meal time a day in the small foodservice on meal scale (p<.001). The more foodservice was large, the more human resource was disposed on dietitian, cook, cooking employee altogether (p<.001). Foodservice in A CFMC was divided into 2 groups by 500 meals a day, according to comparative analysis of labor productivity as meal scale per working hour, meal scale a day and operation indices as meal per foodservice employee, meal per cooking employee (p<.001). The regression equation model was developed as 'the number of employees=1.82+0.014 ${\times}$ meal served' in the operation of less than 500 meals, 'the number of employees=9.42+0.013 ${\times}$ meal scale a day -0.94 ${\times}$ meal scale per working hour' in the operation over 500 meal scale using labor productivity indices and operation indices. Therefore, CFMC could be enhanced efficiency of human resource arrangement using the standardized model of staffing demand and would be increased effectiveness of profit.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.95-102
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• 2016

Recently, a research regarding calculation of construction time extension-oriented incidental costs has been intensively suggested in quantitative aspect and recent studies on system improvement has been made continuously. In the case of Domestic Public Construction Works, State Contract Act is applied when the client is government whereas Local Government Contract Act is done when the client is local government, but more meticulous study is required because improvement plan is not proposed even there is a clear demand for improvement of these problems on calculation standard. Thus this study suggested appropriate standard by comparing each the calculation standards followed by 'State Contract Act' and 'Local Government Contract Act', considering the problems accorded, and analyzing field cases. Calculation method of other expenses was differently regulated as the revision of each regulation, and this demonstrates that there is a difference of actual cost from 12.37% to 24.95%. It is shown that less cost of construction time were calculated than actual cost according to a problem of calculation method by State Contract Act as the rate at the time of contract to be applied in other expense rate. This study suggested the rate against incidental cost and the rate of other expense per day against total construction cost as an appropriate rate calculation for other expense based on field database.