• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.99-144
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• 2016

대상사안에서 한국인은 유럽항공사(에어프랑스)의 초과예약으로 인하여 파리에서 서울행 항공기의 탑승이 거절되었다. 대상사안에서는 국제사법 시행 이후 국제항공운송계약의 준거법, 항공권의 초과예약으로 인한 탑승거절에 대하여 항공사가 부담하는 민사책임 등이 문제되었다. 운송계약이나 소비자의 상거소지 외에서 용역이 제공되는 계약이라고 하더라도 소비자계약에 해당하는 경우에는 소비자의 상대방이 계약체결에 앞서 그 국가에서 광고에 의한 거래의 권유 등 직업 또는 영업활동을 행하거나 그 국가외의 지역에서 그 국가로 광고에 의한 거래의 권유 등 직업 또는 영업활동을 행하고, 소비자가 그 국가에서 계약체결에 필요한 행위를 한 경우나, 소비자의 상대방이 그 국가에서 소비자의 주문을 받은 경우 등에는, 당사자가 준거법을 선택하지 아니하였더라도 국제사법 제27조 제2항이 적용되어 소비자의 상거소지법이 준거법이 된다(대법원 2014. 8. 28. 선고 2013다8410 판결). 이에 따르면, 대상사안에서 문제가 된 국제항공여객운송계약도 소비자계약에 해당하므로, 준거법은 국제사법 제27조 제2항에 의하여 상거소지법인 대한민국 법이 된다. 이는 로마협약(80/934/EEC) 제5조 제4항에서 운송계약이나 소비자에 대한 용역이 소비자가 상거소를 가지는 국가 이외의 장소에서 배타적으로 제공되어야 하는 용역의 제공에 관한 계약에 대하여는 소비자의 상거소지법의 적용을 배제하는 것과 반대견해로, 외국항공사를 이용하여 국제여행을 다녀오는 내국인이 점차 증가하고 있는 상황에서 내국인 보호에 커다란 이정표가 될 수 있다. 다음으로 초과예약의 관행을 긍정한다 하더라도, 항공사는 초과예약으로 인하여 탑승이 거절된 승객에게 적절한 대체항공편을 제공하여야 하고, 만약 그러한 의무를 이행하지 아니한 경우에는 민법상 채무불이행 책임을 부담한다고 판시하여, 항공사의 민사책임을 명확히 하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제71권
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• pp.1-36
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• 2016

Unlike continental European legal systems (civil law systems), specific performance in common law refers to an equitable remedy requiring exactly the performance that was specified in a contract. It usually granted only when money damages would be an inadequate remedy and the subject matter of the contract is unique. Thus, under common law specific performance was not a remedy, with the rights of a litigant being limited to the collection of damages. Consistent with the practice in civil law jurisdictions, United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) makes specific performance the normal remedy for breach of a contract for the sale of goods. Therefore, the buyer may require a breaching seller to deliver substitute goods or to make any reasonable repair. Likewise, the sellermay require the buyer to taker delivery of goods and pay for them. Despite this, Article 28 of the CISG restricts the availability of specific performance where it would be unavailable under the domestic law of the jurisdiction in which the court is located. Thus, the CISG's more liberal policy toward specific performance is restricted by common law. There are some legal issues in CISG's specific performance availability by Article 28. This paper analyzes these issues as interpreting Article 28 of CISG, by examining various theories of application to actions for specific performance and comparing CLOUT cases involving CISG Article 28.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.66-77
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• 2002

Generally hull insurance is undertaken by mean of a contract of hull insurance. A contract of hul1 insurance here is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured against the loss and damage to the vessel mused by maritime perils. A contract of hull insurance is consists of printed main insurance clauses and a clause includes many sub-clauses. Now the Institute Time Clauses-Hulls (hereunder refer to as "English hull insurance clauses"made by the Institute of London Underwriters is much used as the standard from or basic from by many countries ail over the world Now Korean insurance companies hue not made our their own hull insurance clauses, they have just adopted the made-out English hull insurance clauses and the english law and practice to solve the problem related to marine insurance. On the other hand, the United States of America and Japan have made out their own hull insurance clauses based on English hull insurance clauses and used the clauses for many years. Now American is using American Institute Hull Clauses(hereunder refer to as "American hul1 insurance clauses"as its own clauses which was made out by American Institute of Marine Underwriters in 1977 and Japan is also wing its own clauses named Japanese Hull Standard Clauses(hereunder refer to as "Japanese hull clauses") which was made out by japanese Hull Insurance Association in 1990. Therefore the purpose of this study is not only to make a comparative study on English hull insurance clauses 1995, American hull insurance clauses 1977 and Japanese hull clauses l990, but also to supply on some legal materials necessary for Korea to establish and perform our own hull insurance clauses.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.197-216
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• 2011

정보기술의 발달은 상거래 분야에서 인간이 아닌 기계 장치 소프트웨어 간의 거래가 이루어지도록 하였다. 이는 자율성이나 대화성 등의 능력을 갖추고 대리인의 기능을 하고 있다. 또한 기술이 발달함에 따라 이의 역할은 더욱더 확대될 것으로 예측된다. 그러나 그럼에도 불구하고 전자대리인에 대한 법적 지위에 대해서는 지금까지도 논란이 지속되고 있다. 특히 상거래에 있어서는 계약의 유효성과 귀속의 문제 등이 발생한다. 따라서 본 논문은 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 두 가지 제안을 하고 있다. 첫째, 법규의 제정과 보완이다. 전자대리인에 의해 이루어지는 전자적 의사표시의 성립과 효력 등의 내용을 민법에 수용하여 이에 대한 규정을 두고 귀속의 문제에 대해 전자대리인을 장기적으로 대리법적 접근 방법을 취하여 이에 대한 책임문제를 본인에게 귀속시켜야 한다. 둘째, 실무적 측면에서 쇼핑몰과 같은 웹사이트를 운영하는데 있어 거래와 계약의 효력에 대해 일반 협정조건을 제공하여 사용자로 하여금 계약에 구속됨을 명시할 수 있어야 한다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.167-184
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper analyzes all possible issues that need to be considered in case disputes occur with regard to force majeure in international commercial contracts through the comparative study between English and Korean during COVID-19. Design/methodology - This paper belongs to the field of explanatory legal study, which aims to explain and test whether the choice of law is linked to the conditions that occur in the reality of judicial practice. The juridical approach involves studying and examining theories, concepts, legal doctrines, and legislation that are related to the problem. Findings - English law does not permit general economic impracticability to qualify as a valid force majeure event. If a party asserts that they were prevented from performing the contract, the courts will examine this strictly. Many commercial contracts in a broad range of sectors and industries are chosen by parties to be governed by English law. With COVID-19, there have been discussion of parties being released from performance as a result of force majeure. Meanwhile, under Korean law, a force majeure event should be unforeseeable and beyond a party's control. Since COVID-19 is a known event for future contracts, to avoid the risk that a similar situation in the future is deemed foreseeable and under a party's control, parties must ensure that such a risk is properly addressed in a contract. Therefore, it is necessary to have a new clause to cover a pandemic. Originality/value - In light of the ongoing unexpected and uncertain economic impacts COVID-19 is expected to bring to the world, it is anticipated that companies will experience an increased number of claims involving force majeure around the world, including English and Korea. As such, taking proactive steps to assess the applicable legal principles, including the concept of force majeure of contract, will help companies be prepared for the financial or legal implications of COVID-19. In this regard, it would be advisable for companies and businesses to take specific actions.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.403-412
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop methods for foodservice employees to perform by measuring their levels of sanitation and hygiene practices. The employees' sanitation and hygiene competency list for school foodservice was developed on the basis of the job standardization. The competency list was divided into three parts; (1) before starting the work, (2) during the work and (3) after the work. The levels of the employees' sanitation and hygiene practices were evaluated by dietitians and by the employees themselves. Most schools had conventional foodservice systems (83.4%), which were operated by contract management (94.8%). It was found that the highest practice level related to sanitation and hygiene before starting work, with the lowest levels observed after work. The item related to the cleaning and sanitizing of dishes had the lowest practice level score. Employees perceived their sanitation and hygiene practice after work to be worse than before starting and during work. The items of ″Clean and sanitize all large stationary equipment after every use, and record equipment monitoring chart″ and ″Do not clean dishes and utensils in production area″ had the lowest scores by employees. The scores of the employees were similar to the perception of the dietitians.

• 의료법학
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.139-161
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• 2017

이 글은 대법원 2016.1.28. 선고 2015다9769 판결의 검토를 목적으로 한다. 이 사건 연명의료 중단에 관한 이전의 판례에서 대법원은 객관적 요건으로 회생불가능한 사망의 단계와 주관적 요건으로 환자의 동의가 충족되면 의료계약이 해지된다고 보았다. 그러나 환자의 동의는 의료계약 해지에 관한 동의가 아니다. 환자의 의료행위에 대한 동의는 법률행위가 아니다. 그것은 사실행위이다. 만약 연명 의료의 중단에 관한 환자의 추정적 의사가 의료계약의 해지의 의사라면, 의료계약은 연명의료 중단에 관한 소 제기시에 종료하여야 한다. 그런데 대상판결은 의료계약이 일부 해지되었다고 하면서도 진료비채무는 연명의료 허용에 관한 판결이 확정된 때부터 면제된다고 하였다. 이는 논리적으로 맞지 않다. 연명의료의 중단이 허용되면 의료급부 제공이 불가능해지기 때문에 그 부분 진료채무가 면제된다. 급부의 불능은 연명치료 중단에 관한 확정판결이 있는 때에 확정된다. 따라서 연명의료 중단에 관한 확정판결이 있은 때부터 연명의료에 대한 진료비채무가 면제된다고 한 대상판결의 결론은 타당하다. 다만 그 근거는 의료계약의 일부해지가 아니라 일부불능이다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.33-58
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• 2015

Arbitration clauses or institutional arbitration rules rarely, if ever, specify the law applicable to the arbitration agreement. A wide range of laws may thus govern this question, such as the law at the place of arbitration, the law where the agreement or the award is enforced or the law of the main contract between the parties. It is also conceivable that international uniform law or soft law may play a role. Tribunals and courts seized with this question must consequently decide which of these various laws shall apply to verify the existence and validity of the arbitration agreement. This paper picks up on this controversially debated conflict of laws issue. At times, this debate is characterized by a strong divide between arbitration and international trade law practitioners. But are the different approaches really leading to diverging results in arbitral practice?

• 의료법학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.91-123
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• 2012

Doctors and patients for the purpose of healing and treatment of disease through the contract will make a relationship. Doctors perform the medical practice for the state and illness of patient. Given that the patient did not cooperate in the doctor's medical practice, it is difficult to achieve the goal of disease healing. If the patient don't cooperate the medical care, and it is linked with a doctor's medical malpractice, patient's violation of obligation in medical cooperation is considered with negligence on the part of patients. However, this negligence should be limited to obvious cases that the patient's behavior is unreasonable although the doctor provides medical information to patients and induced the patient's response. Also, patient's violation of obligation in medical cooperation must result in adjusting the indemnification via a setoff of fault except the cases having causal relationship between doctor's fault and malpractice.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.163-200
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• 1999

The CISG entrusts many problems to trade or practice : for example the problems which can't be compromised between civil law system and common law system ; the problems in which the application of usage or practice in universal ; the problems of rapid change according to trade circumstance. The purpose of this paper is to confirm whether the CISG is accomodating the usage or practice in its Text, and to find which topic is most closely related to usage or practice in CISG. The Article 9 in the CISG is a provision of usages or practices applicable to contract. But the problems of the CISG in the accomodation of usages or practices are that it lacks the definitions of ‘usage’ and ‘practices’, the CISG is not concerned with the validity of any usage according to Article 4, and the application of usage or practice may differ in litigation and arbitration The topics such as delivery of goods, payment of price and the transfer of risk are most closely related to usages and practices. The delivery of goods and the transfer of risk are determined by the trade terms like FOB or CIF. But the method of identification and the risk for the sale of goods in transit can't be determined by the trade terms in INCOTERMS(1990). So the CISG may serve as complementing role. In payment of price, the trade term does not refer to the time and place of payment. So the CISG may be the basis of interpretation. Likewise the usages and practices such as trade terms, UCP and so on, can be expected to play a significant role in complementing and interpreting the CISG.