• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1997

The use of therapeutic ultrasound(US) in humans with malignant neoplasms has been contraindicated in physical therapy practice. Some studies have shown that results after application of US differ according to tumor type and penetration depth. The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of US on melanoma in mice and to determine treatment dosage. Twenty-four female C57BL/6 mice, age 8 weeks. The right flank of all mice was shaved, and a 0.1 ml suspension of cells was injected subcutaneously into the animals' right flank. In this study, 24 subjects were randomly divided into three groups: experimental group 1(n=8), experimental group 2(n=8), control group(n=8). In the experimental group 1, animals received continuous 3 MHZ US treatment, administered at $2.0W/cm^2$ for five minutes. In experimental group 2, animals received continuous 3 MHz US treatment, administered at $1.0W/cm^2$ for 5 minutes. The control group received the same handling as other experimental groups, including rodent chow, water, US gel application but US head pressure without the power turned on. After 10 days treatment, all mice were killed with a potassium solution. Tumors were excised and weighed on an electrical balance and fixed in a 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. Tumor weights were smaller in experimental group 2(0.3838 g) than in the control group(0.6275 g). Tumor weights of the experimental group 1(0.015 g) were smaller than those of experimental group 2. Continuous therapeutic US decreased the weight of subcutaneous melanoma tumors in mice. The treatment dosage($2.0W/cm^2$) we suggest was more effective than earlier studies on decreasing tumor size with ultrasound.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.259-265
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• 2002

Piroxicam is one of the NSAID, which is used in the systemic and topical treatment of a variety of inflammatory conditions. Conventionally, for topical use, the drug is formulated in gel. We designed an phonophoretic drug delivery system to investigate the piroxicam permeability and the influence of ultrasound application (continuous mode, pulsed mode), frequency (1.0 MHz, 3.0 MHz) and intensity $(1.0\;w/cm^2,\;1.5\;w/cm^2,\;2.0\;w/cm^2)$ with 0.5% piroxicam gel. Per cutaneous absorption studies were performed in vitro models to determine the rate of drug absorption via the skin. Permeation study using hairless mouse skin was performed at $37^{\circ}C$ using buffered saline (pH 7.4, 10% propylene glycol solution) as the receptor solution. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined using carrageenan-induced foot edema model in rat. A pronounced effect of ultrasound on the skin absorption of the piroxicam was observed at all ultrasound energy level studied. Ultrasound was carried out for 10 hr. The highest permeation was observed at intensity of $2.0\;w/cm^2$, frequency of 1.0 MHz and continuous output. The inclusion of phonophoresis was found to improve significantly the skin permeation in vitro and the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.412-417
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• 2006

Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is a corticosteroid that is used in the systemic and topical treatment of many inflammatory diseases. In this study, a phonophoretic drug delivery system was designed to enhance the TA permeability and the influence of ultrasound was examined. In order to establish the transdermal delivery system for TA, a hydrophilic carbopol gel containing TA was prepared after adopting phonophoresis. A permeation study through mouse skin was performed at $37^{\circ}C$ using a Franz diffusion cell, and the ultrasound treatment was carried out for 10 h. The level of TA permeation through the skin was evaluated under various ultrasound conditions including the frequency (1.0, 3.0 MHz), intensity (1.0, $2.5W/cm^2 $), and duty cycle (continuous, pulse mode) using a 0.5% TA gel. The highest permeation was observed under the ultrasound treatment conditions of low frequency, high intensity, and in continuous mode.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.365-368
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• 2007

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the enhancement effect of low-frequency ultrasound on skin permeation. In vitro permeation experiments were performed using Franz modified diffusion cells with ketoprofen as model drug. The effect of various ultrasound factors-ultrasound application mode (continuous mode and discontinuous mode), ultrasound intensity (0.26 $W/cm^2$, and 0.29 $W/cm^2$) and duty cycle (3%, 16%, 50%, and 83%) were studied. The highest permeation was observed at 0.29 $W/cm^2$ intensity, 50% duty cycle, and discontinuous mode. The result suggested the feasibility of low frequency ultrasound application for the phonophoretic transdermal drug delivery system.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2006

PURPOSE: Previous studies have documented the lack of ultrasound's non-thermal effects on nerve conduction using frequencies of 1 MHz and 870 kHz. The purpose of this study was to determine the biophysical effects of continuous ultrasound on median local forearm temperature and motor nerve conduction velocities using frequencies of 3.0 MHz. SUBJECTS: Twelve healthy subjects (6 males, 6 females, age $22.30{\pm}2.41$ yrs, weight $61.33{\pm}10.16$ kg, height $167.58{\pm}8.04$ cm) without a history of neurological or musculoskeletal injury to their dominant arm volunteered for this study. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Each subject received a total of five treatments, one each at .0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 W/$cm^2$ of 3 MHz continuous ultrasound on the anterior surface of the middle area of dominant forearm for 10 minutes. Dependent measures for forearm local temperature and median motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) were taken pretreatment and immediately post-treatment. One-way ANOVA were used for each dependent measure. RESULTS: The posttreatment forearm local temperature were differed significantly (p<0.001) between intensities of ultrasound. The posttreatment forearm local temperature of the ultrasound treated with 1.0 w/$cm^2$, 1.5 w/$cm^2$ and 2.0 w/$cm^2$ were significantly higher than 0.5 w/$cm^2$ and 0.0 w/$cm^2$ of ultrasound (p<0.05). The posttreatment median MNCV were differed significantly from the respective pretreatment velocities (p<0.001). The MNCV of the ultrasound treated with 0.0 w/$cm^2$ and 0.5 w/$cm^2$ were significantly (p<0.05) slower than that observed pretreatment, while the three ultrasound intensities produced significantly increased posttreatment MNCV: 1.0 w/$cm^2$ and 1.5 w/$cm^2$ and 2.0 W/$cm^2$. The posttreatment MNCV at 2.0 w/$cm^2$ and 1.5 w/$cm^2$ was significantly faster than that at 0 w/$cm^2$, 0.5 w/$cm^2$ and 1.0 w/$cm^2$ (p<0.05), the MNCV at 1.0 w/$cm^2$ was significantly faster than that associated with 0 w/$cm^2$ and 0.5 w/$cm^2$ of ultrasound (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The decreased median motor forearm local temperature and MNCV of the ultrasound treated with 0.0 w/$cm^2$ and 0.5 w/$cm^2$ were attributed to the cooling effect by ultrasound transmission gel. Local forearm temperature and nerve conduction velocity were directly related to the intensity of ultrasound. Alterations in MNCV from ultrasound on healthy nerves appeared to be related to temperature changes induced by thermal effects of ultrasound.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2007

To investigate the permeability of lidocaine, percutaneous absorption studies were performed using excised hairless mouse skin and the penetration of lidocaine via the skin was determined. To increase the skin permeation of lidocine, the effects of $Labrasol^{(R)}$, $Labrafil^{(R)}$, $Labrafac^{(R)}$ and $Transcutol^{(R)}$ were investigated. The skin permeation of lidocaine was increased when $Labrasol^{(R)}$ and $Transcutol^{(R)}$ were used as permeation enhancer. To evaluate the influence of ultrasound, various factors such as application modes (continuous mode and pulsed mode), frequency (1.0 and 3.0 MHz) and intensity (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 w/$cm^2$) were investigated with lidocaine hydrogel. The pronounced effect of ultrasound on the skin permeation of lidocaine was observed at all ultrasound energy levels. The influence of frequency having an effect on skin permeation rate was higher in the case of using 1 MHz, 2.0 w/$cm^2$ and continuous treatment. As the intensity of ultrasound increased, the permeation of lidocaine was accelerated. The in vivo anesthetic effects were evaluated by two aspects as mechanical threshold and electrical threshold. Six healthy volunteers consented to the randomized, double-blind, and cross-over designed study in each group. In each subject, 3 groups were adapted such as K group (ultrasound with gel base only), L group (lidocaine gel) and B group (ultrasound with lidocaine gel). In conclusion, lidocaine was potent anesthetic which could be block pain threshold effectively. And ultrasound could accelerate the skin penetration of lidocaine. The phonophoretic delivery system could be a good candidate for lidocaine as a local anaesthetic to improve the skin permeation and in vivo anaesthetic effect.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the ultrasound on treatment of chronic sinusitis. 24 persons of men and women with chronic sinusitis divided into three groups of each 8 persons randomly and when were they were treated with the medication, the ultrasound(1MHz continuous wave, 1W/$cm^2$ intensity, three times per a week and once of three minutes circular stroke method) and the medication+ultrasound for 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. The results of this study were ad follows. 1. There was not statistical significant differences between the effects of treatment until two weeks(P>.05). 2. There was statistical difference between the effects of treatment after 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks(P<.05). There was statistical significant difference between the group with ultrasound treatment and the group with ultrasound+medication treatment and there was statistical significant difference between the group with medication treatment and the group with ultrasound+medication treatment but there was not statistical significant between the group with ultrasound treatment and the group with medication treatment. 3. After 4 weeks, the highest effect for chronic sinusitis was group

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.170-179
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• 2003

This study was performed that how phonophoresis using ultrasound for piroxicam affects transdermal permeation and anti-inflammative effects. Transdermal permeation study conducted by using hairless mouse had two categories: control group and ultrasound group. Transdermal permeation was observed according to duty cycle and intensity. Anti-inflammatory effects were determined using in Sprague-Dawley rat. The subjects were divided into three groups of six SD rat each 24 hour, 48 hour, 72 hour. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Transdermal permeation of piroxicam was measured according to ultrasound duty cycle. This research demonstrates that ultrasound group retains more transdermal permeation than control group, and that pulsed ultrasound group holds a little more transdermal permeation than continuous ultrasound group. 2. The transdermal permeation of piroxicam is closely related with ultrasound intensity. Effect of each group of transdermal permeation was significant rises in proportion to ultrasound intensity. 3. By observing inflammation of the tissue caused by trauma, phonophoresis group showed more significant of anti-inflammatory effect. The conclusion of phonophoresis was found to improve significantly the transdermal permeation and the anti-inflammatory effect.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.287-289
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• 2015

Brachial plexus block (BPB) under ultrasound guidance has come to be widely used. However, nerve injury has been reported following ultrasound-guided BPB. We hypothesized that BPB under ultrasound guidance in conjunction with real-time electrical nerve stimulation would help us prevent nerve injury and do more successful procedure. Here, we report the successful induction and maintenance of ultrasound-guided BPB and the achievement of good peri- and postoperative pain control using a conductive catheter, the EpiStim$^{(R)}$.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.499-504
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• 2011

In this paper, we suggest a method for discretized frequency modulations of ultrasonic signals. A continuous sweep of frequency modulation signals can be modelled with fine levels of discretization. If the ultrasound signals are modulated with monotonically decreasing frequencies, then the cross-correlation between an emitted signal and received signal can be used to identify the distance of multiple target objects. For the discretized frequency synthesis, CF ultrasounds with different frequencies are serially ordered. The auto-correlation test with the signal shows effective results for distance estimation. The discretized frequency syntheses have better distance resolution than CF ultrasound signals and the resolution depends on the number of the combined ultrasound frequencies.