• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.681-687
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• 2008

It is well known that the water infiltration rate depends on soil properties such as soil water content, water head, capillary suction, density, hydraulic conductivity, and porosity. However, most of proposed infiltration models assume that the air phase is continuous and in equilibrium with the atmosphere or air compression and air entrapment on infiltration was not considered. This study presents experimental results on unsaturated water infiltration to relate air entrapment and hydraulic conductivity function based on soil air properties. The objectives of this study were to measure change of soil air pressure ahead of wetting front under air drain and air confined condition to find the confined air effect on infiltration rate, to reduce the entrapped air volume related with soil air pressure to increase the soil permeability, and to make a basis of infiltration process model for the purpose of improvement of infiltration rate in the homogeneous soil column. The results of the work show that soil air pressure increases according to increasement of the saturated soil depth rather than the wetting front depth during infiltration process.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.152-161
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this project was to develop a patient safety-focused inservice education program for surgical nurse and to test the effects of this program. Methods: Methodological designs for instruments development, a pretest-posttest and a posttest design were employed. After the education, nurses' satisfaction, confidence, usefulness and application of 137 nurses were evaluated at 15 surgical units of a tertiary teaching hospital in Seoul, Korea. The education contents are 6 skill areas (infusion pump use, suction, chest tube drainage, oxygen administration, nebulizer use, insulin administration) and medication knowledge. Teaching methods were lecture, instructor demonstration, and 1:1 skill test. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon test, Spearman's correlation and Stepwise regression were used. Results: Satisfaction scores for skills and medication education were 4.00-4.21 (out of 5), The more performance frequency in 6 skills, the higher score in confidence as well as in usefulness and application, and the higher satisfaction with the program, the higher score in usefulness, application, confidence, and medication knowledge. Medication knowledge improved after the education (Z=-7,757, p<.001). Significant predictors of skill confidence were application of skills in job performance, medication confidence, and career in present unit. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that systematic and continuous inservice education will improve patient safety by promoting nursing quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.1059-1066
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• 2007

An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the flow separation control effects of a blowing jet on an elliptic airfoil at a Reynolds number of 7.84×105 based on the chord length. A blowing jet was obtained by pressing a plenum inside the airfoil and ejecting flow out of a thin jet slot that located in leading edge or trailing edge. The experimental results have shown that the blowing jet had an effect of suppressing the flow separation, resulting in the higher suction pressure distribution and higher normal force. The increase in Cn was more pronounced at higher incidence, whereas the effectiveness of the blowing jet reduced at lower incidences. The leading edge pulsating blowing with 90° was the most effective in controlling the flow separation than other types of blowing jet configuration tested in this research. Moreover, when the pulsating blowing was applied, the stall angle was postponed about 2°-3°. The continuous and pulsating blowing jet is a direct and effective flow separation control for improving the aerodynamic characteristics and performances of airfoil.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.38-41
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• 2000

Purpose : We report a result of arthroscopic resection after inner-wall staining for treatment of prepatellar bursitis which was not treated conservatively. Materials and Methods : Between January 1996 and October 1998, We treated arthroscopically 11 patients with prepatellar bursitis. Arthroscopic resection was performed with shaver after inner-wall staining using Methylene Blue and then placed continuous suction drainage and compressive dressing. Results : All patients had no tender scars and were able to walk immediately after procedure. We found one case of late infection during follow-up. Conclusion : Arthroscopic bursectomy minimizes the complication of open bursectomy such as pain or large scar. Skin perforation would be prevented by inner-wall staining.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.645-651
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the effect of design parameter on the mass ratio of a central-driven ejector. The design parameters are the primary nozzle area and distance ratios, diffuser exit-area ratio and mixing-tube length ratio. The experimental setup was an open-loop continuous circulation system which has a movable nozzle ejector, an electric motor-pump, a water tank, a control panel and high-speed camera unit. We calculated the mass ratio using the measured primary and suction-flow rates with the experimental parameter of primary water-flow rate or pressure. The results showed that the mass ratio increased with the primary nozzle distance ratio and mixing tube length ratio, while the mass ratio decreased with the primary nozzle-area ratio and diffuser exit-area ratio.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.628-636
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• 2016

Purpose: This study examined the effects of a program designed to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) on VAP rate and endotracheal colonization. The program focused on aspiration prevention and oral care. Methods: A nonequivalent control group post-test only design was utilized. One hundred patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (MICU) or coronary care unit (CCU) were assigned to either a experimental group (n=50) or a control group (n=50). The participants were selected 48 hours following an endotracheal intubation. VAP prevention program given to the experimental group includes keeping the head of the bed to $30^{\circ}{\sim}45^{\circ}$ high, maintaining continuous endotracheal cuff pressure at 25 cm $H_2O$, performing endotracheal suction before change position, and providing oral care with 0.1% chlorhexidine every four hours. The control group received usual care. Data were analyzed using t-test, $x^2$ test, Mantel-Haenszel $x^2$ and Cox proportional harzard regression model. Results: The experimental group showed a lower VAP rate than the control group although the difference was not statistically significant ($x^2=0.79$, p=.375). The experimental group showed lower colonization in tracheal secretion than the control group ($x^2=14.59$, p<.001). Conclusion: Results showed that a VAP prevention program is effective in reducing colonization of tracheal secretion. Therefore, VAP prevention programs are recommended as an ICU nursing intervention.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.941-945
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• 2006

In the development of electricity generating wind turbines for wind farm application, only two types have survived as the methods of power regulation; stall regulation and fun span pitch control. The sound measurement procedures of IEC 61400-11 are applied to field test and evaluation of noise emission from each of 1.5 MW and 660 kW wind turbine generators (WTG) utilizing the stall regulation and the pitch control for the power regulation, respectively. Apparent sound power level, wind speed dependence and third-octave band levels are evaluated for both of WTGs. It is found that while 1.5 MW WTG using the stall control is found to emit lower sound power than 660 kW one using the pitch control at low wind speed (below 8 m/s), sound power from the former becomes greater than that of the latter in the higher wind speed. Equivalent continuous sound pressure levels (ECSPL) of the stall control type of WTG vary more widely with wind speed than those of the pitch control type of WTG These characteristics are believed to be strongly dependent on the basic difference of the airflow around the blade between the stall regulation and the pitch control types of WTG. These characteristics according to the methods of power regulation lead to the very different noise emission characteristics of WTG depending on the seasons because the average wind speed in summer is lower than the critical velocity over which the airflow on the suction side of blade in the stall types of WT are separated. These results propose that, in view of environmental noise regulation, the developer of wind farm should give enough considerations to the choice of power regulation of their WTG based on the weather conditions of potential wind farm locations.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.108-116
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to determine the level of recognition of home care services and to provide basic data for implementation of home care services. Data collection was carried out between December 2004 and January 2005 by surveying 88 nurses and 40 physicians working at a general hospital and 28 physicians working at different clinics in the Seoul metropolitan city area. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Home care services were recognized by $94.2\%$ of nurses, $77.5\%$ of physicians and $92.9\%$ of clinic physicians. The main sources of information for most of them were medical and nursing journals. 2. The percentages of staff regarding find home care services as necessary for the institutions were $88.6\%$ of nurses, $74.4\%$ of physicians and $57.1\%$ of clinic physicians. All of them anticipated that home care services would maintain 'continuous care' and 'long-term patient care'. 3. The percentages of staff willing to refer their patients to home care were $95.5\%$ of nurses, $100\%$ of physicians and $87.1\%$of clinic physicians. However, only $7.1\%$ of clinic physicians were willing to refer actively. 4. Most nurses and physicians replied that a majority of test-related services is suitable for home care services. However, among medication-related services, intravenous injections were not suitable for home care services. Among treatment-related services, most nurses and physicians replied that Levin tube feeding, oral and nasal suction, simple dressing, perineal care, and enema were suitable for home care services, but incision and drainage, and tracheostomy tube change were not suitable for home care services. In conclusion, for the implementation of hospital-based home care services, it is necessary to educate nurses and physicians on the present condition and precedent at other hospitals.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.404-409
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• 2005

An 86 year old woman was admitted complaining of dyspnea and right pleuritic pain with a 5 week durations. A physical examination, chest X-ray, and diagnostic thoracentesis upon admission revealed findings consistent with severe pneumonia and empyema on the right lung. Despite the insertion of a chest tube and negative suction via Emersion pump, the continuous air leakage was sustained, and a bronchopleural fistula (BPF) was found on the chest-CT. A flexible bronchoscopic occlusion with an Endobronchial Watanabe Spigot (EWS) was performed after 56 days of admission. An 5 mm diameter EWS was successfully inserted into the anterior segmental bronchus of the right upper lobe by flexible bronchoscope. There was no aAir leakage detected after this procedure. The patient was discharged 30 days after the EWS occlusion.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.70 no.4
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• pp.479-497
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• 2019

In the current code design, the use of a uniform internal pressure coefficient of cooling towers as internal suction cannot reflect the 3D characteristics of flow field inside the tower body with different ventilation rate of shutters. Moreover, extreme weather such as heavy rain also has a direct impact on aerodynamic force on the internal surface and changes the turbulence effect of pulsating wind. In this study, the world's tallest cooling tower under construction, which stands 210m, is taken as the research object. The algorithm for two-way coupling between wind and rain is adopted. Simulation of wind field and raindrops is performed iteratively using continuous phase and discrete phase models, respectively, under the general principles of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Firstly, the rule of influence of 9 combinations of wind speed and rainfall intensity on the volume of wind-driven rain, additional action force of raindrops and equivalent internal pressure coefficient of the tower body is analyzed. The combination of wind velocity and rainfall intensity that is most unfavorable to the cooling tower in terms of distribution of internal pressure coefficient is identified. On this basis, the wind/rain loads, distribution of aerodynamic force and working mechanism of internal pressures of the cooling tower under the most unfavorable working condition are compared between the four ventilation rates of shutters (0%, 15%, 30% and 100%). The results show that the amount of raindrops captured by the internal surface of the tower decreases as the wind velocity increases, and increases along with the rainfall intensity and ventilation rate of the shutters. The maximum value of rain-induced pressure coefficient is 0.013. The research findings lay the basis for determining the precise values of internal surface loads of cooling tower under extreme weather conditions.