• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.131-141
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• 2002

Purpose : Renal transplantation which allows children normal growth and development and a return to normal life. is now proven to be the best modality for children with ESRD Up to Recently, the number of renal transplantations in Asia has rapidly increased and the outcome has also improved. This investigation was planned to estimate the current status of pediatric renal transplantation in Asia and to find the keys for better improvement of outcome in pediatric renal allograft in Asian countries. Material and methods : The participating countries and institutions for this investigation were China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Korea, KSPN (Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology), KONOS (Korean Network for Organ Sharing). Results : Many countries in Asia still do not have a well organized nation wide renal transplantation registration system independently in the pediatric field. So it's very difficult to evaluate the real state of pediatric transplantation among Asian countries. According to the estimation with fragmented data from each countries, in the front running countries of pediatric renal transplantation in Asia, about 40 or more transplants were performed in each country per year and the five year actuarial renal allograft survival was around 80% which is similar to that of western countries. But there were large gaps among the behind groups. Conclusion : Vigorous attempts to perform renal transplantation for children especially younger than 5 years old would be encouraged as well as organ donation from brain dead donor and non heart beating cadaveric donor also should be activated to cope effectively with the shortage of living donor supply. Large number of recent reports shows the favorable outcome of pre-emptive renal transplantation, we should make more efforts toward pre-emptive renal transplantation. First of all, in order to improve the outcome and to narrow the gap between Asian countries in pediatric renal transplantation, effective and continuous efforts to establish nationwide pediatric renal transplantation registration program as well as official, nation-to-nation data sharing program should be needed.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.2_2
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• pp.379-399
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• 2020

The detection of illegal ship is one of the key factors in building a marine surveillance system. Effective marine surveillance requires the means for continuous monitoring over a wide area. In this study, the possibility of ship detection monitoring based on satellite SAR, HF radar, UAV and AIS integration was investigated. Considering the characteristics of time and spatial resolution for each platform, the ship monitoring scenario consisted of a regular surveillance system using HFR data and AIS data, and an event monitoring system using satellites and UAVs. The regular surveillance system still has limitations in detecting a small ship and accuracy due to the low spatial resolution of HF radar data. However, the event monitoring system using satellite SAR data effectively detects illegal ships using AIS data, and the ship speed and heading direction estimated from SAR images or ship tracking information using HF radar data can be used as the main information for the transition to UAV monitoring. For the validation of monitoring scenario, a comprehensive field experiment was conducted from June 25 to June 26, 2019, at the west side of Hongwon Port in Seocheon. KOMPSAT-5 SAR images, UAV data, HF radar data and AIS data were successfully collected and analyzed by applying each developed algorithm. The developed system will be the basis for the regular and event ship monitoring scenarios as well as the visualization of data and analysis results collected from multiple platforms.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 1992

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of fly ash applications on growth and yield parameters of corn (Zea mays L.), and soil chemical properties. Corn height at silking stage, and height and dry matter ratio at harvesting stage were enhanced by applications of fly ashes derived from bituminous coal and anthracite, respectively. Effects of fly ash treatment on growth parameters of corn were varied with kinds and levels of fly ash application and growth periods, but relatively small without revealing a major negative effect as compared to the control. Yield of corn was increased by applying fly ash of anthracite origin, but other yield components were not influenced negatively by fly ash treatment. Soil total carbon contents, cation exchange capacity, and phosphorus contents of soils sampled after harvest of corn were significantly increased by fly ash treatment, although there were slightly different effects according to kinds and levels of fly ash application. Exchangeable cations of soils were varied within an experimental error range. Phosphorus taken up by corn was enhanced by treating fly ash of the bituminous coal to the soil and there were a positive correlation between phosphorus uptake and soil Phosphorus level. Cation uptake by corn was changed a little, but no significant reduction was observed in cation uptake due to fly ash treatment. It seems to be difficult to figure out the mechanism of fly ash effects on growth and nutrient uptake by corn with one year field experiment, however treatment of fly ash enhanced some parameters of growth and yield, and nutrient uptake by corn without revealing any major negative effects. To determine the value of fly ash as a fertilizer source, continuous researches under various soil and crop conditions were considered to be necessary.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.3-18
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• 1992

This research was carried out on 1,017 production workers for four months from May to August, 1991, to search more effective management method of their health by grasping their knowledge and attitude on industrial health. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. As for general characteristics, 74.2% were male and 25.8% were female among the 1,017 workers. The two largest age groups were 30~39, 38.7%. As for education level, graduation from high school was 58.6%, 61.2% were married, 35.9% owned their house, and workers who worked more than 1 year less than 5 years was 52.9%, workers who worked 8 hours a day was 46.7%, the largest group income level was 60~69 thousand won 21.2%, and the degree of satisfaction with work was ordinary, 45.6%. 2. The degree of recognition concerning occupational diseases was 92.5% at a very high rate. Causes of occupational diseases under the present work field were in order of noise, dust, heavy metal. The largest group of the counterplan for prevention was an improvement of working environment, 62.0%. 3. The major cause that threatens worker's health was poor working environment, 31.4%. As the best method for workers' health management, working environment management was pointed. 4. As for health examination result, the response that it is of use to health management was 53.8%. As for examination method and result, 42.7% responded that they are formal. The practice period was more than once every six months as the largest group, and the highest desire for improvement was that they wants an exact information of the result. 5. 49.3% of the respondents know about the measurement of working environment an the response that the measurement is necessary to improve working environment was 57.9%, and that the results from the measurement were reflected on improvement an management 57.5%. Appropriate period to take a measurement was more than once per six months, 40.2% and per three months, 29.1%. 6. As for safety and halth instruction, 34.5% were educated for both, 38.2% for only safety education and just 4.6% for only health education. 51.9% responded that they had never been educated out of work place. The period of its practice was more than once a month, 39.5% and every three months, 21.3%. 7. The importance of safety and health showed that the one is equal to the other, 59.8%, that the one is more important, 29.6%, and that other is more important, 7.6%. 67.7% said the necessity of a safety and health manager. 8. In spite of more or less health obstacle of work environment, 14.9% of the respondents wanted to overwork to gain an allowance for over-time work, 39.9% didn't, and 40.2% according to condition and state. 9. As the most important cause of industrial accident, 40.2% indicated unsafe behavior. As for the individual protective instrument, 66.1% of all the respondents said they have worn it to protect industrial diseases. 10. As for the degree of understanding of the contents in Industrial Safety and Health Law and Industrial Law of Accident Insurance, an affirmative response was respectively 49.3% and 50.8% and the sources of safety-health information were televisions and radios, 28.0%. Therefore, it is necessary that we do positive working environmental improvement, continuous management and health education's inforcement to increase their health and prevent occupational diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.178-183
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• 2006

Purpose: We reported the results and efficiency of arthroscopic treatment in a state of the lateral traction about the degenerative arthris of elbow Materials and Methods: Twenty one elbows with the degenerative arthritis who were followed up for at 12 months were enrolled in this study. Male were 15 cases, female were 6 cases, the mean age was 47 years and right dominant hand was 14 cases. In all cases, during arthroscopic treatment under the traction of 10 pounds, we had done synovectomy, excision of loose body and anteroposterior spur. After operation, immobilization was done in the full extension state, and then continuous passive motion (CPM) was started two day Results: The average preoperative ROM of the elbow joint was $30{\sim}l15$ degree and the average postoperative ROM of the elbow joint was $5{\sim}130$ degree. The increasement of ROM was totally 41 degree in extension 25 degree and flexion 16 degree. The decrement of VAS in pain was from 7.5 into 2.3 and the increasement of the satisfactory function was from 1.8 into 9.0. Complication was in two cases. One was paresthesia of ulnar nerve, but resolved. The other was bullae formation around the elbow joint, but cured. Conclusion: Regarding degenerative arthritis of elbow, arthroscopic treatment showed excellent result in recovery of range of motion and relief of pain. We could obtain good visual field with distraction in lateral position.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.45-62
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• 2011

The notion of information systems (IS) continuance has recently emerged as one of the most important research issues in the field of IS. A great deal of research has been conducted thus far on the basis of theories adapted from various disciplines including consumer behaviors and social psychology, in addition to theories regarding information technology (IT) acceptance. This previous body of knowledge provides a robust research framework that can already account for the determination of IS continuance; however, this research points to other, thus-far-unelucidated determinant factors such as habit, which were not included in traditional IT acceptance frameworks, and also re-emphasizes the importance of emotion-related constructs such as satisfaction in addition to conscious intention with rational beliefs such as usefulness. Experiences should also be considered one of the most important factors determining the characteristics of information system (IS) continuance and the features distinct from those determining IS acceptance, because more experienced users may have more opportunities for IS use, which would allow them more frequent use than would be available to less experienced or non-experienced users. Interestingly, experience has dual features that may contradictorily influence IS use. On one hand, attitudes predicated on direct experience have been shown to predict behavior better than attitudes from indirect experience or without experience; as more information is available, direct experience may render IS use a more salient behavior, and may also make IS use more accessible via memory. Therefore, experience may serve to intensify the relationship between IS use and conscious intention with evaluations, On the other hand, experience may culminate in the formation of habits: greater experience may also imply more frequent performance of the behavior, which may lead to the formation of habits, Hence, like experience, users' activation of an IS may be more dependent on habit-that is, unconscious automatic use without deliberation regarding the IS-and less dependent on conscious intentions, Furthermore, experiences can provide basic information necessary for satisfaction with the use of a specific IS, thus spurring the formation of both conscious intentions and unconscious habits, Whereas IT adoption Is a one-time decision, IS continuance may be a series of users' decisions and evaluations based on satisfaction with IS use. Moreover. habits also cannot be formed without satisfaction, even when a behavior is carried out repeatedly. Thus, experiences also play a critical role in satisfaction, as satisfaction is the consequence of direct experiences of actual behaviors. In particular, emotional experiences such as enjoyment can become as influential on IS use as are utilitarian experiences such as usefulness; this is especially true in light of the modern increase in membership-based hedonic systems - including online games, web-based social network services (SNS), blogs, and portals-all of which attempt to provide users with self-fulfilling value. Therefore, in order to understand more clearly the role of experiences in IS continuance, analysis must be conducted under a research framework that includes intentions, habits, and satisfaction, as experience may not only have duration-based moderating effects on the relationship between both intention and habit and the activation of IS use, but may also have content-based positive effects on satisfaction. This is consistent with the basic assumptions regarding the determining factors in IS continuance as suggested by Oritz de Guinea and Markus: consciousness, emotion, and habit. The principal objective of this study was to explore and assess the effects of experiences in IS continuance, with special consideration given to conscious intentions and unconscious habits, as well as satisfaction. IN service of this goal, along with a review of the relevant literature regarding the effects of experiences and habit on continuous IS use, this study suggested a research model that represents the roles of experience: its moderating role in the relationships of IS continuance with both conscious intention and unconscious habit, and its antecedent role in the development of satisfaction. For the validation of this research model. Korean university student users of 'Cyworld', one of the most influential social network services in South Korea, were surveyed, and the data were analyzed via partial least square (PLS) analysis to assess the implications of this study. In result most hypotheses in our research model were statistically supported with the exception of one. Although one hypothesis was not supported, the study's findings provide us with some important implications. First the role of experience in IS continuance differs from its role in IS acceptance. Second, the use of IS was explained by the dynamic balance between habit and intention. Third, the importance of satisfaction was confirmed from the perspective of IS continuance with experience.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1987

This field experiment was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of magnesium- and boronenriched complex fertilizer ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O-MgO-B_2O_3$ : 8-25-7-3-0.2) compared with some straight fertilizers on the hilly pasture establishment. This second part was concerned with the changes in the forage yields, yield components, botanical and chemical compositions in a mixed grassclover sward (orchardgrass, tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and ladino clover). The results from a two-year experiment are summarized as follows: 1. Dry matter yields of whole mixed forages were significantly reduced in control by 54.5% and the NK-plot ($P_o$ by 35.0%, compared with the normal NPK-plots. 2. The yields of oversown grasses were significantly reduced in control by 79.7% and the NKplot ($P_o$) by 52.196, compared with the normal NPK applications. At the normal NPK applications, the oversown grasses were lowest in the yields when provided with double superphosphate with no significant differences. The yields of weeds were not significantly influenced by the treatments. 3. The significant differences in the legume yields (relative yield, %) were laid in the follow. ing increasing order; complex fertilizer (178.5%) > NPK-fused superphosphate (139.5%) > NPK-double superphosphate (100.0%) = control > NK (51.1%). The legume yield was much more depressed in the NK-plot ($P_o$) than in control ($N_oP_oK_o$). 4. The rate of oversown grasses and whole forages were increased by the normal NPK applications, showing little difference among the kinds of fertilizers. It was recognized that the application of complex fertilizer contributed to the increasing of legume rate in the mixed sward. This contribution turned out to be due to the rather enhanced performance and yield-increase of legume, compared with the straight fertilizers. 5. With the NK-treatment ($P_o$) the P concentration in mixed forages dropped below the critical level (0.2%). The Mg concentrations in mixed forages were lower in all the plots than the critical level (0.2%). Therefore, a sufficient amount of Mg was desirably to be applied It is recommended that, in relation to its effectiveness and simplification of fertilizer application, the application of this complex fertilizer for pasture establishment be carried out. The change of the constituent ratio of complex fertilizer to the standard of "8 - 15-20 - 7 - 5-10 - 0.2" considering the need of sufficient Mg supply and the continuous accumulation of P in the top-surface soil is possibly recommended.commended.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2000

The objectives of this study were to investigate weather conditions which induced discolored grains and viviparous germination, and to evaluate yield responses following viviparous germination during mid- and late- ripening stage, the submergence during reproductive growth stage, and lodging in the yellow ripe stage. Weather conditions which caused glume discoloration at heading stage were 21.3-26.4$^{\circ}C$ in average temperature, 75.2-98.4% in relative humidity, 19.3 in transpiration coefficient and 10.8-13.8 m/sec. in wind speed. Yield reduction was 26-27% and 10~17%, respectively, when the glume discoloration rates were 63.2-65.7% and 38.3-45.2%, obviously due to the decrease in percent of fertile grain and ripening ratio. Weather conditions during continuous rain for 7 days were 96% in relative humidity, 18.9$^{\circ}C$ in average temperature, 21.9$^{\circ}C$ in maximum temperature, and 16.8$^{\circ}C$ in minimum temperature, causing the most viviparous germination in Juanbyeo(45.5%), followed by Jinbubyeo(14.5%), Bongkwangbyeo(14.2%), and Obongbyeo(12.6%). Lateral tillers started to occur when the submergence at the depth of 1.5-2 m lasted one day during the reproductive growth stage. The submergence for 2-3 days at 3-4 m of water depth induced 269-571 lateral tillers/m$^2$, supporting 32-52% of the total yield. The rice yield in the paddy fields which were left under the lodging conditions until harvesting was not different compared to that of the paddy fields which were kept upright by tieing them together after lodging, but perfect grain ratio decreased about 9.1% in the transplanting culture and 12.5% in the direct seeding culture on dry paddy field because of the increase in immature grains.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.416-431
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the change of soil chemical properties in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC), cow manure compost(CMC), human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISC) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : The continuous application of human excrement sludge decreased soil pH up to 4.4~5.0, while other compost treatments increased soil pH compared with control plot. The EC increased initially and showed their maximum values at 20days after compost application, and then decreased up to 40 days, thereafter kept a certain level. The available phosphorous accumulated at 0~20cm depth in loam soil, and 0~50cm in sandy loam soil. Annual accumulation rates were 17% higher in sandy loam soil than loam soil. The more compost application rates and times, the higher base saturation percentage increased in upland soils. Four year's application at a rate of $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ per year increased the base saturation percentage to 87~97% compared with 45% at control plot in the loam soil. While in sandy loam soil only three year's application of same rate increased the base saturation percentage to 81~92% compared with 30.4% at control plot. The average annual increasing rate of base saturation percentage at the same application rates of composts were higher in sandy loam soil by 2.0~3.7 times than in loam soil. The application of compost increased the exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K contents of soils by 2, 2~3, and 3~5 times, respectively, compared with the control. The contents of exchangeable cations were high in surface soil, and decreased with increase of soil depths. In the case of heavy metal content, there were no difference at the application of PMC and CMC but Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu was increased a little when the HES applied, and Ni and Cr was increased application with FISC.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.359-370
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• 2018

The batch and column experiments were performed to overcome the limitation of the neutralization process using the $scCO_2$-water-recycled aggregate, reducing its treatment time to 3 hour. The waste cement mortar and two kinds of recycled aggregate were used for the experiment. In the extraction batch experiment, three different types of waste mortar were reacted with water and $scCO_2$ for 1 ~ 24 hour and the pH of extracted solution from the treated waste mortar was measured to determine the minimum reaction time maintaining below 9.8 of pH. The continuous column experiment was also performed to identify the pH reduction effect of the neutralization process for the massive recycled aggregate, considering the non-equilibrium reaction in the field. Thirty five gram of waste mortar was mixed with 70 mL of distilled water in a high pressurized stainless steel cell at 100 bar and $50^{\circ}C$ for 1 ~ 24 hour as the neutralization process. The dried waste mortar was mixed with water at 150 rpm for 10 min. and the pH of water was measured for 15 days. The XRD and TG/DTA analyses for the waste mortar before and after the reaction were performed to identify the mineralogical change during the neutralization process. The acryl column (16 cm in diameter, 1 m in length) was packed with 3 hour treated (or untreated) recycled aggregate and 220 liter of distilled water was flushed down into the column. The pH and $Ca^{2+}$ concentration of the effluent from the column were measured at the certain time interval. The pH of extracted water from 3 hour treated waste mortar (10 ~ 13 mm in diameter) maintained below 9.8 (the legal limit). From XRD and TG/DTA analyses, the amount of portlandite in the waste mortar decreased after the neutralization process but the calcite was created as the secondary mineral. From the column experiment, the pH of the effluent from the column packed with 3 hour treated recycled aggregate kept below 9.8 regardless of their sizes, identifying that the recycled aggregate with 3 hour $scCO_2$ treatment can be reused in real construction sites.