• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.41.1-41.21
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• 2023

CD4 and CD8 T cells are key players in the immune response against both pathogenic infections and cancer. CD4 T cells provide help to CD8 T cells via multiple mechanisms, including licensing dendritic cells (DCs), co-stimulation, and cytokine production. During acute infection and vaccination, CD4 T cell help is important for the development of CD8 T cell memory. However, during chronic viral infection and cancer, CD4 helper T cells are critical for the sustained effector CD8 T cell response, through a variety of mechanisms. In this review, we focus on T cell responses in conditions of chronic Ag stimulation, such as chronic viral infection and cancer. In particular, we address the significant role of CD4 T cell help in promoting effector CD8 T cell responses, emerging techniques that can be utilized to further our understanding of how these interactions may take place in the context of tertiary lymphoid structures, and how this key information can be harnessed for therapeutic utility against cancer.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2023

Endothelial cells (EC) are the anatomical boundaries between the intravascular and extravascular space. Damage to ECs is catastrophic and induces endothelial cell dysfunction. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and involves dysregulation in the signaling pathways, membrane lipids ratio disturbance, cell-cell adhesion disturbance, unfolded protein response, lysosomal and mitochondrial stress, autophagy dysregulation, and oxidative stress. Autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent turnover of intracellular components. Autophagy was recognized early in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction. Autophagy is a remarkable patho (physiological) process in the cell homeostasis regulation including EC. Regulation of autophagy rate is disease-dependent and impaired with aging. Up-regulation of autophagy induces endothelial cell regeneration/differentiation and improves the function of impaired ones. The paper scrutinizes the molecular mechanisms and triggers of EC dysregulation and current perspectives for future therapeutic strategies by autophagy targeting.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2009

The results of analyzing "Shanghanlun-Shanghan examples" of Song Dynasty Text and Liuwansu's writings in the pursuit of comprehending his views written in "Fire-Heat" & "Warm disease" -are as follow. 1.He introduced Exterior-Interior Shanghan and Latent in the Winter & recurrent in the Spring Shanghan concept in the Febrile disease pathology as the link and the bifurcation point. His perception on Febrile disease encompassed Shanghan and Febrile disease on the same plane but actually discriminated in the treatment and medication between the two actually. 2.He suggested Febrile disease pathology in the concept of Shanghan and Febrile disease, which is coherent in the formation of interior heat as the result of the invasion of the lung by warm pathogen described in Warm disease Wei, Qi, Ying and Xue Fen Syndrome differentiation. He expanded the concept of esoteric portal 玄府 of "Suwon Tiaojinglun", to that of the omni-present portal & way of Qi's all directions movement, which is in accordance of invasion of upper energizer 上焦 by warm or hot pathogen via mouth and nose as used in Warm disease three-energizer differentiation. 3.He recognized both exterior-interior febrile disease in the context of both exterior-interior contact cause disease. He prescribed pungent-cool exterior releasing medicinal similar to that of exterior-releasing treatment adopted in warm disease. As lily-talc powder百合散 introduced in "Golden chamber synopsis" dispells heat by promoting excretion of urine and defecation, it is regarded as the original formula of later ikwonsan yiyuansan 益元散.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.1015-1025
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• 2019

Objectives: There have been many studies reporting the clinical value of Euphorbia kansui Radix or Melonis Calyx, but few systematic studies of the changes that may occur after taking such herbal medication. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of the patient group, possible changes in blood test and InBody test results, and to discover the current state and future direction of clinical use of Euphorbia kansui Radix or Melonis Calyx. Methods: This study investigated patients who were hospitalized at Kyung-Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital for at least two days from 1 March 2016 to 1 March 2019, specifically evaluating patients aged 19 and over who underwent blood tests, including an electrolyte test and an InBody test before and after taking Euphorbia kansui Radix or Melonis Calyx. Results: Among a total of 134 patients, 72 patients (53.7%) were treated with Euphorbia kansui Radix and 62 patients (46.3%) were treated with Melonis Calyx, in the context of previously diagnosed abnormal weight gain. Laboratory findings were that Na and K levels were significantly reduced in both groups. In an InBody test, body mass index (BMI), intracellular water, extracellular water, protein, mineral, and skeletal muscle were significantly reduced in both groups. Conclusions: From these results, we suggest that, although Euphorbia kansui Radix and Melonis Calyx may not induce serious adverse effects, attention should be paid to the electrolyte level with the use of these treatments. In terms of syndrome differentiation, more clinical uses will be available in the future.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.268-294
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• 1996

우리나라에서 사회.인구지리학은 다른 전공분야들에 비해 상대적으로 늦게 발달했 다고 할 수 있지만 최근 연구자들의 많은 관심을 끌면서 상당한 연구업적을 누적시키게 되 었으며, 앞으로 지리학의 학문적 발전을 선도할 뿐만 아니라 우리 사회가 당면한 사회공간 적 문제들의 해결에도 크게 기여할 것으로 전망된다. 이러한 점에서 본 연구는 우리나라에 서 1950년대 현대 지리학의 성립이후 사회.인구지리학 발달과정을 살펴보고 앞으로의 발전 전망과 과제를 모색해 보고자 한다. 이러한 연구목적에 따라 본 연구에서는 먼저 사회.인 구지리학의 일반적 개념 및 주요 주제들과 그 발달과정을 개관하고 다음으로 그동안의 연구 성과와 연구동향을 몇 가지 주요 주제, 즉 연구방법론, 도시화와 도시인구현상, 인구이동과 농촌사회생활의 변화, 거주지분화와 도시재개발, 도시사회생활과 지역사회복지 등으로 나누 어서 살펴 보고자 한다. 끝으로 사회.인구지리학의 발전전망과 과제를 간략히 논의하고 있 다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제44권8호
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• pp.181-198
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to understand modernization process of korean housing during the past one century. To following up the changes of everyday lives of common peoples, magazines, news papers, tourist's records and gossip items were collected and interpreted from the microscopic point of view. In this study arguments on 'modernity' of korean housing was focused on some issues, thus, separation, differentiation, individualization, as well as privatization. Concrete discourses are; firstly, spatial isolation of housing and urban place each other, secondly, functional division of inner spaces of housing, and lastly, guarantee of privacy sphere. Historical changes of housing showed some meaningful phenomena. Before modernization housing was place of reproduction and consume at the same time. However after modern urban space came into existence and work and rest were separated, housing gained only mono function. Thus, housing have only one meaning as private place for nuclear family, that is "Home, Sweet Home." Instead of past multi-functional rooms, functional prescribed rooms, for example, dinning room, were newly born. In the past, the boundary between public and private sphere was not clear. For examples, everyday experiences of family were extended to the street and in the house in most cases spaces were shared. But after modernization the scale of individual spaces become larger and private life can be secured. Consequently, history of everyday life from traditional agricultural society to industrialized modern society demonstrates the structural context between the micro and macro dimension in the fields of human life. In other words, everyday lives and macro history response each other and create new perception of time-space structure in the modern housing.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2016

치열한 경쟁상황에서 기업의 성공과 혁신은 경영자에서 비롯되는 신사업 발견능력을 통한 경쟁전략의 수립이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 경영자의 신사업기회 발견능력과 기업성과 사이에 경쟁전략의 매개효과를 실증분석을 통해 규명하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해서 전국의 대기업 사업장과 중소기업 286개의 기업 자료를 대상으로 자료를 수집하고 구조모델에 의한 분석을 실시하였다. 실증분석 결과 발견능력 중 실험하기와 연관시키기가 경쟁전략을 강화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 발견능력 맥락에서는 원가우위 전략 보다 차별화 전략이 기업성과에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 경쟁 전략의 매개효과는 실험하기와 기업성과 사이에 강하게 나타났다.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제41권
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• pp.275-298
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• 2015

이 논문의 목적은 조지훈 시와 시론에 나타난 "자연"과 "우아미"의 관련 양상을 상세하게 규명하는 데 있다. 이러한 시도는 그의 시와 시론이 긴밀하게 상호 대응할 수밖에 없는 필연적인 이유와 근거를 해명하려는 것과 동일한 맥락을 지닌다. 조지훈 시의 중핵으로 기능하는 것은 "자연"의 새로운 예술적 형상화이며, 그것에 내장된 "근대" 극복의 비전이다. 이는 조지훈이 자신의 시론에서 자세하게 논의한 미의식의 범주 가운데서 "우아미"의 특질과 적확하게 부합한다. 그는 "서정시"가 근대과학이 초래한 진 선 미의 대립과 분열, 그리고 사회 각 영역들의 분화와 전문화에 따른 여러 폐단들을 극복할 수 있는 가능성을 내장하고 있다고 파악한다. 이러한 관점과 맥락은 시의 차원에서는 "자연"의 새로운 이미지를 조형하는 것으로 나타났으며, 시론의 차원에서는 "우아미"를 다른 범주의 미의식을 압도하는 탁월성을 함유한 것으로 규정하려는 시도를 낳았던 것으로 추론된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.281-286
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• 2009

Introduction: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is a protein which is secreted by Hertwig root sheath and plays a major role in the formation of cementum and attachment of peridontium. Several studies have shown that EMD promoted the proliferation and differentiation of preosteoblasts, osteoblasts and periodontal ligament cells in vitro: however, reports showing the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation by EMD also existed. This study was designed to simultaneously evaluate the effect of EMD on the two cell lines (human mesenchymal stem cells: hMSC, human periodontal ligament derived fibroblasts: hPDLCs) by means of quantitative analysis of some bone related matrices (Alkaline phosphatase : ALP, osteopontin ; OPN, osteocalcin ; OC). Materials and Methods: hMSCs and hPDLCs were expanded and cells in the 4${\sim}$6 passages were adopted to use. hMSc and hPDLCs were cultured during 1,2,7, and 14 days with 0, 50 and 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ of EMD, respectively. ALP activity was assessed by SensoLyte ALP kit and expressed as values of the relative optical density. Among the matrix proteins of the bony tissue, OC and OPN were assessed and quantification of these proteins was evaluated by means of human OC immunoassay kit and human OPN assay kit, respectively. Results: ALP activity maintained without EMD at $1,2^{nd}$ day. The activity increased at $7^{th}$ day but decreased at $14^{th}$ day. EMD increased the activity at $14^{th}$ day in the hPDLCs culture. In the hMSCs, rapid decrease was noted in $7^{th}$ and $14^{th}$ days without regard to EMD concentrations. Regarding the OPN synthesis in hPDLCs, marked decrease of OPN was noted after EMD application. Gradual decrease tendency of OPN was shown over time. In hMSCs, marked decrease of OPN was also noted after EMD application. Overall concentration of OPN was relatively consistent over time than that in hPDLCs. Regarding the OC synthesis, in both of hPDLCs and hMSCs, inhibition of OC formation was noted after EMD application in the early stages but EMD exerted minimal effect at the later stages. Conclusion: In this experimental condition, EMD seemed to play an inhibitory role during the differentiation of hMSCs and hPDLCs in the context of OC and OPN formation. In the periodontium, there are many kinds of cells contributing to the regeneration of oral tissue. EMD enhanced ALP activity in hPDLCs rather than in hMSCs and this may imply that EMD has a positive effect on the differentiation of cementoblasts compared with the effect on hMSCs. The result of our research was consistent with recent studies in which the authors showed the inhibitory effect of EMD in terms of the differentiation of mineral colony forming cells in vitro. This in vitro study may not stand for all the charateristics of EMD; thus, further studies involving many other bone matrices and cellular attachment will be necessary.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제38권
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• pp.229-262
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• 2008

With the introduction of supply chain management concept, the nature of a firm is fundamentally changed. Control is no longer based on direct control of the business processes, but rather based on integration across member organizations in the supply chain. Firms are trying to achieve a competitive edge by managing their supply chain performance to gain advantages in cost and service differentiation. The supply chain elements of a sea port involves ILSP (Inbound Logistics Service Provider) at the input side and OLSP (Outbound Logistics Service Provider) at the output side. The goal of sea port is to satisfy the needs of different parties, both upstream and downstream, in the chain with greater effectiveness and efficiency than it's competitors. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to derive conceptualization of the SCP (Supply Chain Performance) in the sea port from literature review on the previous researches and to tackle their theoretical and practical implications. The paper deals with conceptualizing SCP in sea port using the SCOR (Supply Chain Operation Reference) model. It incorporates both the effectiveness and efficiency aspects of performance measurement. And it also recognizes customer related reasons for measuring performance.