• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.447-454
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• 1995

Cytokine release from alveolar macrophages and subsequent interaction of these cytokines with the bronchial epithelium can induce epithelial cells to release inflammatory mediators. Nitric oxide(NO), a highly reactive gas formed from arginine by nitric oxide synthase(NOS), is known to be involved in inflammation and edema formation, and the inducible form of NOS(iNOS) can be increased by cytokines. In this context, we hypothesized that lung epithelial cells could be stimulated by cytokines released by alveolar macrophages to express iNOS. To test this hypothesis, the murine lung epithelial cell line, LA-4, or the human lung epithelial cell line, A549, were stimulated with culture supernatant fluids from alveolar macrophages. NO production was assessed by evaluating the culture supernatant fluids for nitrite and nitrate, the stable end products of NO. Both murine and human cell culture supernatant fluids demonstrated an increase in nitrite and nitrate which were time- and dose-dependent and attenuated by $TNF{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ antibodies(p<0.05, all comparisons). Consistent with these observations, cytomix a combination of $TNF{\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and $\gamma$-interferon, stimulated the lung epithelial cell lines as well as primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells to increase their NO production as evidenced by an increase in nitrite and nitrate in their culture supernatant fluids, an increase in the iNOS staining by immunocytochemistry, and an increase in iNOS mRNA by Northern blottin(p<0.05, all comparisons). The cytokine effects on iNOS were all attenuated by dexamethasone. To determine if these in vitro observations are reflected in vivo, exhaled NO was measured and found to be increased in asthmatics not receiving corticosteroids. These data demonstrate that alveolar macrophage derived cytokines increase iNOS expression in lung epithelial cells and that these in vitro observations are mirrored by increased exhaled NO levels in asthmatics. Increased NO in the lung may contribute to edema formation and airway narrowing.

• 천문학회보
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.73.2-73.2
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• 2012

Matusoka & Kawara (2010) showed that the number density of the most massive galaxies (log $M/M_{\odot}=11.5-12.0$) increases faster than that of the next massive group (log $M/M_{\odot}=11.0-11.5$) during 0 < z < 1. This appears to be in contradiction to another important empirical concept of "downsizing". We attempt to understand the two observational findings in the context of the hierarchical merger paradigm using semi-analytic techniques. Our models closely reproduce the result of Matusoka & Kawara (2010). Downsizing can also be understood as larger galaxies have on average smaller assembly ages but larger stellar ages. Our fiducial models further reveal the details on the history of stellar mass growth of massive galaxies. The most massive galaxies (log $M/M_{\odot}=11.5-12.0$ at z=0), which are mostly brightest cluster galaxies, obtain roughly 70% of their stellar components via merger accretion. The role of merger accretion monotonically declines with galaxy mass: 45% for log $M/M_{\odot}=11.0-11.5$ and 20% for log $M/M_{\odot}=10.5-11.0$ at z = 0. The specific accreted stellar mass rates via galaxy mergers decline very slowly during the whole redshift range, while the specific star formation rates sharply decrease with time. In the case of the most massive galaxies, merger accretion becomes the most important channel for the stellar mass growth at z ~ 2. On the other hand, in-situ star formation is always the dominant channel in the $L_*$ galaxies.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.9-10
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• 2010

Since the discovery of graphene by mechanical exfoliation from graphite[1], various fabrication methods are available today such as chemical exfoliation, epitaxial graphene on SiC substrates, etc. In view of industrialization, the mechanical exfoliation method may not be an option. Epitaxial graphene on SiC substrates, in this respect, is by far more practical because the method consists of conventional thermal treatments familiar to semiconductor industry. Still, the use of the SiC substrate itself, and hence the incompatibility with the Si technology, lessens the importance of this technology in its future industrialization. In this context, we have tackled the problem of forming graphene on Si substrates (GOS). Our strategy is to form an ultrathin (~80 nm) SiC layer on top of a Si substrate, and to graphitize the top SiC layers by a vacuum annealing. We have actually succeeded in forming the GOS structure [2,3,4]. Raman-scattering microscopy indicates presence of few-layer graphene (FLG) formed on our annealed SiC/Si heterostructure, with the G ($1580\;cm^{-1}$) and the G'($2700\;cm^{-1}$) bands, both related to ideal graphene, clearly observed. Presence of the D ($1350\;cm^{-1}$) band indicates presence of defects in our GOS films, whose elimination remains as a challenge in the future. To obtain qualified graphene films on Si substrate, formation of qualified SiC films is crucial in the first place, and is achieved by tuning the growth parameters into a process window[5]. With a potential for forming graphene films on large-scale Si wafers, GOS is a powerful candidate as a key technology in bringing graphene into silicon technology.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.323-331
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• 2021

The relevance of the study implies the need to explain the main determinants of environmental policy, allowing countries to converge on a common working basis. The purpose of the research is to explore ways in which the environmental aspects of EU regions and territories can be shaped to apply to domestic environmental policy. A total of 997 representatives from the Ukrainian UTCs, who are involved in local environmental policy, participated in the survey. Results of the research. A hierarchy of regional environmental policy objectives has been identified. Three key principles of eco-policy development have been distinguished. The means of the innovative approach strategy implementation have been outlined (formation of the regional market of environmental services; organization of interaction between environmental agencies and market structures; establishment of environmental funds which finance environmental activities; implementation of the "collateral return" system; formation of a system of benefits and loans to enterprises that successfully implement the environmental policy). The means of the prognostic approach implementation strategy to the development of the region's environmental policy have been determined (the use of an orderly and successful long-term strategy of economic development of the region; obligatory consideration in the mechanisms strategy aimed at improvement of environmental management system of the region, interbranch impact of the projects implemented on the region's ecological situation; taking into consideration the economic and geographical peculiarities of the region, the necessary infrastructure, issues of the territorial location of the large enterprises in the region and their impact on the environment). The means of the traditional approach strategy implementation have been outlined (activity programs focused on solution of specific problems, rather than on the implementation of measures for environmental restoration and enhancement; nature conservation problems have interbranch, interdepartmental character due to unity of the region's ecosystem; tracking complexity of changing conditions (water basins, woodlands, air-mass transport), regional boundaries generally do not coincide with natural ecosystems boundaries). The practical significance of the study lies in providing recommendations for the implementation of certain aspects of Ukrainian UTC's environmental policy.

• 철학연구
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• 제147권
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• pp.147-178
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• 2018

이 글에서 필자는 서구중심주의적 사유 패러다임으로 인해 전통과 근대의 이원론적 대립 구도를 자명한 것으로 받아들이는 태도가 한국 헌법의 형성 과정에 대한 학적 탐색을 어떻게 쉽게 헤어 나올 수 없는 논리적 긴장에 휘말리게 하는지를 살펴볼 것이다. 이를 통해 우리사회의 민주주의가 서구 세계로부터 받은 영향에도 불구하고 그것을 나름의 전통을 매개로 하여 능동적이고 주체적으로 해석해 온 역사적 산물이라는 점에 대한 인식이 더 설득력이 있음을 분명하게 할 것이다. 달리 말해 이렇게 할 경우에만 대한민국 제헌헌법의 정신을 조선사회에서 축적된 유교적인 대동이념의 전통을 바탕으로 하여 서구 민주주의 및 공화주의를 나름의 방식으로 이해하고 번역하여 그것을 우리사회에 창조적으로 적용한 역사적 산물로 바라볼 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 유교적 대동정신의 영향사의 지평 속에서 한국의 민주공화국 헌법 정신의 역사적 근원이 제대로 이해될 수 있다는 점을 제시해 보는 것이 이 글의 기본적인 문제의식이다.

• 철학연구
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• 제130권
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• pp.161-186
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• 2014

웰빙'(well being)과 함께 최근 '웰다잉'(well dying)에 대한 사회적 관심이 '안락사'(安樂死) 문제를 계기로 촉발되어 인간 죽음의 존엄성에 대한 중요한 담론으로 대두되고 있다. '웰다잉'(well dying)은 그 어의대로 '좋은 죽음'을 의미하며, 이런 의미적 맥락의 연장선상에서 통상적으로 '준비된 죽음', '품위 있는 죽음', '아름다운 죽음'을 지칭한다. 본고에서 논자는 '죽음'을 교학의 출발점으로, 그리고 '죽음의 극복'을 교학의 종착점으로 삼고 있는 불교의 죽음관이 웰다잉에 대한 담론에 어떠한 기여를 할 수 있는지 면밀히 고찰하였다. 불교의 죽음에 대한 태도와 해석, 그리고 그 극복의 과정은 웰다잉에 대한 보다 풍부한 담론을 형성하는 단초가 되며, 특히 죽음의 극복을 육체적 생리적 영생으로서가 아닌 정신적 심리적 현상으로 해석하고 이러한 정신적 심리적 변화를 통한 사물의 진실상(眞實相)에 대한 깨달음[정각(正覺)]을 통해서 죽음을 극복하는 불교의 견해는 죽음불안의 극복 및 죽음교육에 많은 기여를 할 수 있다.

• 영미문화
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.53-92
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• 2018

This essay aims to examine chick lit written within the Asian American context. For the most part, the chick lit genre has been typically regarded as a site to study contemporary white women's experiences and to debate the genres' credentials as feminist literature. Though some may disagree, there is general consensus that chick lit has fallen out of vogue after reaching its peak in the first decade of the new millenium.; nevertheless, it is being revisited by readers and critics alike as it has recently re-emerged as a location upon which to examine how race and gender inform notions of national belonging and female subject formation in the twenty-first century. To this end, this essay reads Kim Wong Keltner's The Dim Sum of All Things (2004). Keltner's protagonist Lindsey Owyang is yet another twentysomething "chick" looking for love, self, independence, and success in the huge megalopolis of San Francisco. What sets Lindsey apart from the chick prototype is that she is a third-generation ABC (American-born Chinese) and issues relevant to Asian America frequently make their way into Lindsey's narrative. Though it is generally considered as standing a "few notches above the standard chick-lit fare" (Stover n. pag), I would argue that meaningful reflections on many of the major pillars of Asian American literature, history, and cultural politics are glossed over in favor of cursory musings about the daily vicissitudes of Lindsey's life. This essay thus takes to task Ferriss's claim that a "serious" consideration of chick lit "brings into focus many of the issues facing contemporary women and contemporary culture - issues of identity, of race and class, of femininity and feminism, of consumerism and self-image" (2). I contend that a close examination of Keltner's The Dim Sum of All Things discloses that the chick lit format undermines a "serious consideration" of Asian American issues by presenting in particular a highly problematic representation of race and of Asian American femininity.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.148-157
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• 2021

The effectiveness of recommendation systems depends on the performance of the algorithms with which these systems are designed. The quality of the algorithms themselves depends on the quality of the strategies with which they were designed. These strategies differ from author to author. Thus, designing a good recommendation system means implementing the good strategies. It's in this context that several research works have been proposed on various strategies applied to algorithms to meet the needs of recommendations. Researchers are trying indefinitely to address this objective of seeking the qualities of recommendation algorithms. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for recommending learning items. Learner performance predictions and collaborative recommendation methods are used as strategies for this algorithm. The proposed performance prediction model is based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). The results of the performance predictions are used by the proposed recommendation algorithm. The results of the predictions obtained show the efficiency of Deep Learning compared to the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm. The proposed recommendation algorithm improves the recommendations of the learners' learning items. This algorithm also has the particularity of dissuading learning items in the learner's profile that are deemed inadequate for his or her training.

• 정보관리학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.19-38
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• 2021

이 연구는 스마트기기 이용이라는 맥락에서의 다변화하는 정보격차인 스마트 디바이드의 형성에 미디어 리터러시가 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 미디어 리터러시의 대부분의 요인들은 스마트기기를 이용해서 사회적 네트워크를 구축하고, 이를 기반으로 정보적, 사회적 활동의 범위를 확장하는데 영향을 미치고 있다. 또한 미디어 리터러시는 스마트기기를 통해 입수한 정보의 가치 평가능력에도 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 미디어 리터러시를 확보한 사람들과 그렇지 못한 사람들 사이에는 스마트기기의 활용을 통한 정보적, 사회적 이익이라는 측면에서 보다 심화된 사회적 격차가 발생할 수 있으며, 이는 스마트 디바이드를 유발하는 기제로 작용할 수 있다.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.607-618
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 아웃도어 레크리에이션 참여자의 친환경행동에 이르는 과정, 친환경행동, 지속요인 및 제약요인 등 참여과정의 전반전인 요인을 탐색하고, 이들 사이에 논리적인 연관성을 밝혀 이론 모형을 만드는데 있다. 이를 위해 근거 이론적 분석 방법을 적용하여 해석하였다. 첫째, 인과적 조건과 상황적 맥락이 순차적 영향에 의해 아웃도어 레크리에이션 참여자의 친환경행동이 형성되었다. 둘째, 중심현상인 친환경행동에 참여하는 아웃도어 레크리에이션 참여자는 친환경행동과 관련된 독특한 지속요인과 제약요인을 경험하면서도, 일반적인 지속요인 및 제약요인이 부분적으로 나타났다. 셋째, 결과의 친환경 여가활동으로 정착은 중재적 조건의 참여지속요인과 상호작용전략의 동호회에 부분적으로 환류 되는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구를 통해 도출된 결과는 아웃도어 레크리에이션 참여자의 여가참여 경험 및 여가제약을 폭넓게 이해하고, 관련 후속 연구들 간의 유기적 결합을 통한 연구진보에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.