• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.447-454
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• 1995

Cytokine release from alveolar macrophages and subsequent interaction of these cytokines with the bronchial epithelium can induce epithelial cells to release inflammatory mediators. Nitric oxide(NO), a highly reactive gas formed from arginine by nitric oxide synthase(NOS), is known to be involved in inflammation and edema formation, and the inducible form of NOS(iNOS) can be increased by cytokines. In this context, we hypothesized that lung epithelial cells could be stimulated by cytokines released by alveolar macrophages to express iNOS. To test this hypothesis, the murine lung epithelial cell line, LA-4, or the human lung epithelial cell line, A549, were stimulated with culture supernatant fluids from alveolar macrophages. NO production was assessed by evaluating the culture supernatant fluids for nitrite and nitrate, the stable end products of NO. Both murine and human cell culture supernatant fluids demonstrated an increase in nitrite and nitrate which were time- and dose-dependent and attenuated by $TNF{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ antibodies(p<0.05, all comparisons). Consistent with these observations, cytomix a combination of $TNF{\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and $\gamma$-interferon, stimulated the lung epithelial cell lines as well as primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells to increase their NO production as evidenced by an increase in nitrite and nitrate in their culture supernatant fluids, an increase in the iNOS staining by immunocytochemistry, and an increase in iNOS mRNA by Northern blottin(p<0.05, all comparisons). The cytokine effects on iNOS were all attenuated by dexamethasone. To determine if these in vitro observations are reflected in vivo, exhaled NO was measured and found to be increased in asthmatics not receiving corticosteroids. These data demonstrate that alveolar macrophage derived cytokines increase iNOS expression in lung epithelial cells and that these in vitro observations are mirrored by increased exhaled NO levels in asthmatics. Increased NO in the lung may contribute to edema formation and airway narrowing.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.73.2-73.2
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• 2012

Matusoka & Kawara (2010) showed that the number density of the most massive galaxies (log $M/M_{\odot}=11.5-12.0$) increases faster than that of the next massive group (log $M/M_{\odot}=11.0-11.5$) during 0 < z < 1. This appears to be in contradiction to another important empirical concept of "downsizing". We attempt to understand the two observational findings in the context of the hierarchical merger paradigm using semi-analytic techniques. Our models closely reproduce the result of Matusoka & Kawara (2010). Downsizing can also be understood as larger galaxies have on average smaller assembly ages but larger stellar ages. Our fiducial models further reveal the details on the history of stellar mass growth of massive galaxies. The most massive galaxies (log $M/M_{\odot}=11.5-12.0$ at z=0), which are mostly brightest cluster galaxies, obtain roughly 70% of their stellar components via merger accretion. The role of merger accretion monotonically declines with galaxy mass: 45% for log $M/M_{\odot}=11.0-11.5$ and 20% for log $M/M_{\odot}=10.5-11.0$ at z = 0. The specific accreted stellar mass rates via galaxy mergers decline very slowly during the whole redshift range, while the specific star formation rates sharply decrease with time. In the case of the most massive galaxies, merger accretion becomes the most important channel for the stellar mass growth at z ~ 2. On the other hand, in-situ star formation is always the dominant channel in the $L_*$ galaxies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.9-10
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• 2010

Since the discovery of graphene by mechanical exfoliation from graphite[1], various fabrication methods are available today such as chemical exfoliation, epitaxial graphene on SiC substrates, etc. In view of industrialization, the mechanical exfoliation method may not be an option. Epitaxial graphene on SiC substrates, in this respect, is by far more practical because the method consists of conventional thermal treatments familiar to semiconductor industry. Still, the use of the SiC substrate itself, and hence the incompatibility with the Si technology, lessens the importance of this technology in its future industrialization. In this context, we have tackled the problem of forming graphene on Si substrates (GOS). Our strategy is to form an ultrathin (~80 nm) SiC layer on top of a Si substrate, and to graphitize the top SiC layers by a vacuum annealing. We have actually succeeded in forming the GOS structure [2,3,4]. Raman-scattering microscopy indicates presence of few-layer graphene (FLG) formed on our annealed SiC/Si heterostructure, with the G ($1580\;cm^{-1}$) and the G'($2700\;cm^{-1}$) bands, both related to ideal graphene, clearly observed. Presence of the D ($1350\;cm^{-1}$) band indicates presence of defects in our GOS films, whose elimination remains as a challenge in the future. To obtain qualified graphene films on Si substrate, formation of qualified SiC films is crucial in the first place, and is achieved by tuning the growth parameters into a process window[5]. With a potential for forming graphene films on large-scale Si wafers, GOS is a powerful candidate as a key technology in bringing graphene into silicon technology.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.323-331
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• 2021

The relevance of the study implies the need to explain the main determinants of environmental policy, allowing countries to converge on a common working basis. The purpose of the research is to explore ways in which the environmental aspects of EU regions and territories can be shaped to apply to domestic environmental policy. A total of 997 representatives from the Ukrainian UTCs, who are involved in local environmental policy, participated in the survey. Results of the research. A hierarchy of regional environmental policy objectives has been identified. Three key principles of eco-policy development have been distinguished. The means of the innovative approach strategy implementation have been outlined (formation of the regional market of environmental services; organization of interaction between environmental agencies and market structures; establishment of environmental funds which finance environmental activities; implementation of the "collateral return" system; formation of a system of benefits and loans to enterprises that successfully implement the environmental policy). The means of the prognostic approach implementation strategy to the development of the region's environmental policy have been determined (the use of an orderly and successful long-term strategy of economic development of the region; obligatory consideration in the mechanisms strategy aimed at improvement of environmental management system of the region, interbranch impact of the projects implemented on the region's ecological situation; taking into consideration the economic and geographical peculiarities of the region, the necessary infrastructure, issues of the territorial location of the large enterprises in the region and their impact on the environment). The means of the traditional approach strategy implementation have been outlined (activity programs focused on solution of specific problems, rather than on the implementation of measures for environmental restoration and enhancement; nature conservation problems have interbranch, interdepartmental character due to unity of the region's ecosystem; tracking complexity of changing conditions (water basins, woodlands, air-mass transport), regional boundaries generally do not coincide with natural ecosystems boundaries). The practical significance of the study lies in providing recommendations for the implementation of certain aspects of Ukrainian UTC's environmental policy.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.147
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• pp.147-178
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• 2018

In this thesis, the author elaborates on how acceding to the Eurocentric paradigm-driven dichotomy of the premodern vs. modern engenders a logic bottleneck that debilitates academic efforts to explore the formation of the Korean constitution. Following this logic, the author will add credence to the belief that though the West may have had an influence on the formation of Korean democracy, the institution Korea enjoys today is a result of proactive and self-driven interpretation of those influences through the lens of local tradition. This insight is a prerequisite to understanding the spirit of Korea's First Constitution as a result of Koreans creative translation of Western democracy and Republicanism in the Korean context, and one whose roots lie deep in Confucian Great Harmony Thought. Through this, the thesis aims to offer insight into how Confucian Great Harmony Thought can shed light on the historical background of the spirit of Korea's Constitution.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.130
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• pp.161-186
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• 2014

Recently, the social concerns on well dying come to the fore as important discourse on dignity of human death, which detonation by the problem of euthanasia. Well dying means 'good death' the meaning of a word, and it means 'prepared death', 'decented death' 'beautiful death' by extention of sematic context like this as a general rule. In this paper the writter have considered that how the view of Buddhism's death contribute to the discourse on well dying, which regarding death as the starting point, death conquest as the finishing point of the theory. The Buddhism's discourse on the attitude interpretation conquest process of death contributed to formation of abundant discourse on well dying, especially the view of Buddhism is able to contribute to conquest of death anxiety and death education, that death conquest interpret to spiritual psychological phenomenon not physical physiological eternal life (or immortality) and conquer death through enlightenment on reality of things by spiritual psychological change.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-92
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• 2018

This essay aims to examine chick lit written within the Asian American context. For the most part, the chick lit genre has been typically regarded as a site to study contemporary white women's experiences and to debate the genres' credentials as feminist literature. Though some may disagree, there is general consensus that chick lit has fallen out of vogue after reaching its peak in the first decade of the new millenium.; nevertheless, it is being revisited by readers and critics alike as it has recently re-emerged as a location upon which to examine how race and gender inform notions of national belonging and female subject formation in the twenty-first century. To this end, this essay reads Kim Wong Keltner's The Dim Sum of All Things (2004). Keltner's protagonist Lindsey Owyang is yet another twentysomething "chick" looking for love, self, independence, and success in the huge megalopolis of San Francisco. What sets Lindsey apart from the chick prototype is that she is a third-generation ABC (American-born Chinese) and issues relevant to Asian America frequently make their way into Lindsey's narrative. Though it is generally considered as standing a "few notches above the standard chick-lit fare" (Stover n. pag), I would argue that meaningful reflections on many of the major pillars of Asian American literature, history, and cultural politics are glossed over in favor of cursory musings about the daily vicissitudes of Lindsey's life. This essay thus takes to task Ferriss's claim that a "serious" consideration of chick lit "brings into focus many of the issues facing contemporary women and contemporary culture - issues of identity, of race and class, of femininity and feminism, of consumerism and self-image" (2). I contend that a close examination of Keltner's The Dim Sum of All Things discloses that the chick lit format undermines a "serious consideration" of Asian American issues by presenting in particular a highly problematic representation of race and of Asian American femininity.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.148-157
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• 2021

The effectiveness of recommendation systems depends on the performance of the algorithms with which these systems are designed. The quality of the algorithms themselves depends on the quality of the strategies with which they were designed. These strategies differ from author to author. Thus, designing a good recommendation system means implementing the good strategies. It's in this context that several research works have been proposed on various strategies applied to algorithms to meet the needs of recommendations. Researchers are trying indefinitely to address this objective of seeking the qualities of recommendation algorithms. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for recommending learning items. Learner performance predictions and collaborative recommendation methods are used as strategies for this algorithm. The proposed performance prediction model is based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). The results of the performance predictions are used by the proposed recommendation algorithm. The results of the predictions obtained show the efficiency of Deep Learning compared to the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm. The proposed recommendation algorithm improves the recommendations of the learners' learning items. This algorithm also has the particularity of dissuading learning items in the learner's profile that are deemed inadequate for his or her training.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.19-38
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• 2021

This study empirically analyzed the effect of media literacy on the formation of the smart divide, which is a multi-faceted digital divide that occurs in the context of the use of smart devices. As a result, most of the factors of media literacy affect the establishment of social relations and social network through the use of smart devices, which, in turn, leads to the expansion of the range of informational and social activities. In addition, media literacy has a significant effect on the competence to evaluate the value of information acquired through the use of smart devices. Based on these results, there can be social disparity between those who have secured media literacy and those who do not from the perspective of informational and social benefits through the use of smart devices, which can function as a mechanism to generate the smart divide.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.607-618
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• 2015

This study aims to investigate overall factors regarding participation process such as process to pro-environmental behavior, pro-environmental behavior, continuing factors and constraint factors of outdoor recreation participants, and to determine logical correlation between them in order to make a theory model. To this end, grounded theory approach is applied for interpretation. First, pro-environmental behavior of outdoor recreation participants was formed by sequential influence of causal conditions and situational context. Second, outdoor recreation participants who participated in pro-environmental behavior of central phenomenon experienced peculiar continuing factors and constraint factors but it was found they also experienced general continuing factors and constraint factors. Third, it was analyzed that resultant settlement of pro-environmental leisure activities was partially fed back to the participation continuing factors of mediating conditions and a club of interaction strategy. Result from this study will give a help to widely understand experience of participation in leisure and restraints on leisure of outdoor recreation participants, and to development of study through organic combination between subsequent researches.