• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2006

This study has been designed to evaluate the efficacy of MD in-ovo vaccination in broiler and to find the contamination level of MD virus in broiler farms. A nested PCR test was used to find the level of filed contamination of pathogenic MD virus in the commercial broiler farms. The positive rate of farms contaminated with pathogenic MD virus was 26.09%. And to evaluate the efficacy of MD vaccination, performance factors such as the mortality, feed conversion rate and body weight at market age has been recorded and compared among farms. There was no difference on these factors between vaccinated and non-vaccinated farms except performance. We need further investigation of the film with low performance index. The B/B ratio, which is common index for the evaluation of bursal changes, was calculated and compared between vaccinated and non-vaccinated group There were significant decreases of B/B ratio in the both group without any statistical difference between groups. The reason of decreased bursal size may be due to other infection such as IBD. From this study, we can know that the contamination rate of fm with pathogenic MD virus was very low and not different from previous study. However, the difference of the contamination rate in different locations recommends periodical monitoring on these areas.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.415-429
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• 2003

This study was objected to identify the difference of water quality and the characteristics of water contamination in adjacent bed-rock areas of Upper Hwajeonni and Guryongsan Formations in Miwon, Choongchungbuk-do, Korea. Water samples showed mainly (Ca, Mg)-$HCO_3$ type in Upper Hawjeonni Formation and (Ca, Mg)-$SO_4$ and (Ca, Mg)-$HCO_3$ types in Guryongsan Formation indicating the enrichment of $SO_4$ in major compositions. Groundwater quality could be divided into two groups based on the major weathering processes, implied by the ratio of bicarbonate to silica. Carbonate-silicate weathering predominates in Upper Hwajeonni Formation, and silicate weathering in Guryongsan Formation. Stream-water quality also appeared to be controlled by water-rock interaction. Cluster analysis identified three groups of groundwater and four groups of stream-water with distinctive geochemical characteristics. The results of factor analysis indicated that the levels of each chemical constituent in water samples derived from both natural weathering reactions and anthropogenic contamination sources. To delineate the pollution potential of water resources, Modified Pollution Index(M.P.I.) was developed. M.P.I. scores of water samples ranged from -0.08 to 0.18, with mostly positive along the rock quarry in Guryongsan Formation areas. M.P.I. scores appeared to be a useful predictor of metal contamination of water resources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1224-1229
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• 2003

The combined effects of washing, sanitization and coating of eggshell on the physical and microbiological quality during storage were evaluated at $4^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}C$. The interior qualities of the eggs were assessed by weight changes, yolk index, albumen index, Haugh unit value, and microbial contamination of egg shell and egg white during 30 days of storage in untreated, washed, or sanitized and mineral oil-coated eggs. The results suggest that these changes were faster in higher temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) than lower temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) storage, and washed eggs deteriorated faster than untreated eggs. The sanitized and coated eggs maintained the best quality during storage in all parameters measured. The shelf-life of washed, sanitized and coated eggs could be extended 4-5 fold compared to that of washed or untreated eggs.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.415-420
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to develop the best methods to sterilize herbal medicines which is frequently used and known to have high susceptibility to microbial contamination. We used dry heat, gamma irradiation and alcohol gas treatment for sterilization, and evaluated these methods in terms of the followings; i) the efficacy of sterilization, and ii) the chemical alteration of index constituents of herbal medicines. Treatment with dry heat effectively eliminated the contaminated microorganisms, and did not significantly alter the content of berberine chloride, paeoniflorin and amygdalin in Phellodendron Bark, Peony Root and Apricot Kernel, respectively: However it seriously changed the color and morphology which are essential criteria to estimate a measure of quality of herbal medicines. Treatment with gamma irradiation showed a strong sterilizing effect, and no alteration of the content of index constituents, color and morphology: Alcohol gas treatment resulted in similar effects as those in gamma irradiation. Collectively; these results suggest that treatment with gamma irradiation or alcohol gas may be useful methods for sterilizing herbal medicines without a decrease in their microbial quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2012

Most of Korean farms have been developed in the semi-closed bay, and its position is very vulnerable to the coastal contamination due to the long term and the high density. So, mariculture management is very essential for the sustainable aquaculture. Some of the specific ways would be the assessment of the optimal stocking density for mariculture management zone and this has to consider both the suitable site selection and the assessment of ecological carrying capacity. Habitat suitability index(0.0 totally unsuitable habitat, 1.0 optimum habitat) and ecological indicator(Filtration pressure indicator) was used to assess the stocking density for oyster farms in Geoje-Hansan Bay. Geoje Bay showed the higher habitat suitability index value 0.75 than Hansan Bay 0.53, indicating that Geoje Bay is more suitable for oyster farming. Ecological indicator showed different stocking density according to the coastal characteristics in Geoje-Hansan Bay. Consequently, it is desirable that the stocking density in Geoje Bay should reduce average 40% and Hansan Bay, average 60% than present, in order to meet the ecological carrying capacity. The assessment of the stocking density could solve various problems such as the coastal contamination, environmental aggravation and the productivity decrease and this study could be a scientific basis to establish the policies for mariculture management.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.127-134
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• 2005

Recently, aquaculture farm sites have been increased with demand of the expensive fish species and sea food like as seaweed, laver and oyster. Therefore coastal water quality have been deteriorated by organic contamination from marine aquaculture farm sites. For protecting of coastal environment, we need to control the location of aquaculture sites. The purpose of this study is to detect the laver aquaculture sites using multispectral remotely sensed data with autodetection algorithm. In order to detect the aquaculture sites, density slice and contour and vegetation index methods were applied with SPOT and IKONOS data of Shinan area. The marine aquaculture farm sites were extracted by density slice and contour methods with one band digital number(DN) carrying 65% accuracy. However, vegetation index algorithm carried out 75% accuracy using near-infra red and red bands. Extraction of the laver aquaculture site using remotely sensed data will provide the efficient digital map for coastal water management strategies and red tide GIS management system.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.520-527
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• 2005

In order to investigate the geochemical characteristics of surface sediments in streams of upper Yeongsan River drainage system, sediment samples from the main stream of Yeongsan river, Hwangryong river, Gwangju and Jiseok streams were collected and analyzed for grain size and metal and organic carbon contents. The metal contents in the sediments are mainly dependent on organic matter contents in the domestic sewage, grain size of the sediments and geology around the streams. Enrichment factor (EF) and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) representing the degree of metal contamination in the sediments are relatively low in the main stream of Yeongsan river main stream, Hwangryong river and Jiseok stream. However, those of Gwangju stream show the EF maximum values of P=8.30, Cu=5.55, Zn=14.29 and Pb=7.45 and the Igeo maximum values of P=3.58, Cu=4.43, Zn=3.22 and Pb=1.59.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.48-59
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• 2018

Beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), thallium (Tl) and vanadium (V) are candidates of 21 priority soil pollutants in Korea. The distribution of their concentration in soils from three contamination sources including industrial, roadside and mining areas was investigated. Concentrations of the metals were evaluated quantitatively using pollution indices and the fractionation of metals was conducted using modified SM&T (Standards Measurements and Testing programme) sequential extraction. Concentrations of the metals for all samples from industrial and roadside soils were within the range of natural background levels, while some of Be in soils from abandoned mines exceeded that the range. Enrichment Factor (EF) and Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI) for Be, Co, Tl and V showed that there are effects or possibilities of anthropogenic activities. Pollution Load Index (PLI) analyses indicated all investigated sites needed further monitoring. The results of sequential extractions indicated mobile fractions (F1+F2) of Be, Tl and V were below 30% except some of Co in soil, which implies their low mobility to neighboring environment media. Variable tools like sequential extraction, comparison with background/actual concentration and pollution indices, as well as aqua regia extraction should be considered when evaluating Be, Co, Tl, V in soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.524-530
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• 2016

Agricultural soils near or around industrial complexes can contain a certain amount of heavy metals that readily enter the food chain and negatively affect human health. Therefore, we conducted the study to investigate the distribution of selected heavy metals, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and zinc (Zn), in farm-land soils around fifteen industrial complexes in the southwestern provinces, Korea. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples were determined by the pseudo-total aqua regia (3 HCl : $1HNO_3$) digestion procedure. The heavy metal concentrations in most soils examined did not exceed the levels of Soil Contamination Warning Standard (SCWS) for agricultural lands (Region 1) presented in Soil Environment Conservation Law (SECL) established by Ministry of Environment (MOE), Korea. However, only one sampling site showed higher As amount ($27.1mg\;kg^{-1}$) than the SCWS level of As ($25mg\;kg^{-1}$). Pollution index (PI) for heavy metals did not exceed 1.0. The PI values were significantly positively correlated (p < 0.01) with the heavy metal concentrations. In particular, the values of correlation coefficient between the Cd and Pb concentrations and the PI values were higher than those estimated from other combinations, and thus the amounts of Cd and Pb in the agricultural soils highly affected the PI values for the heavy metals.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2000

PCBs and DDE were determined in the soil samples and the Korean striped field mice, Apodemus agrarius, collected at six localities in Changwon and one locality in Gaduck Island from August 1997 to May 1998. The residual level of PCBs in soils, in which the concentrations of high chlorinated compounds were much higher than those of low chlorinated ones, was highest in the industrial area(IA) in Changwon(60.7 ng/g in average), whereas those of DDE in soils was highest in Gaduck Island(331.9 ng/g in average). However, the levels of each compound detected from soils in the respective remaining places were relatively low. The similar tendency as in the soils was observed in the mice, indicating that the concentration of pollutants in the mice could denote the status of pollution in the terrestrial environment. The composition of PCB congeners in the mice, however, was different from that of soils, but similar to those of other mammals. Moreover, the residual levels of PCBs and DDE in pregnant females from which fetuses were removed were lower than those of males and non-pregnant females. It suggests that these compounds accumulated in pregnant females might have been transferred to the fetuses through placenta as in other mammals. Judging from the above facts, it is suggested that the striped field mouse can be an useful biological index to evaluate the contamination in mammals inhabiting terrestrial environment.