• IE interfaces
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2001

This paper describes the simulation study which estimates the container crane efficiency in container terminal. In most simulation studies, it is assumed that container cranes are available at any time. Though the failures of container cranes don't occur often, they are very serious problems on terminal efficiency. As usual, the failures of container crane cause arrived ships to delay the departure time. In this study, a queueing simulation model for container terminal, which focuses on the failures of container cranes, is designed. The simulation approach appears to be the most appropriate one because it allows to avoid the usual exponential assumption on interarrivals of ships and service times of container cranes. Using the developed model, we tested the efficiency of container cranes considering failures with a real system size and performed the simulation experiment on real container terminal to validate the developed simulation model. The results of simulation experiment were analyzed using output statistics, which include the waiting times of vessels and yard tractors, the utilization for container cranes, and the berth occupancy rates.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.527-534
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• 2012

In order to achieve sustainable growth and gain competitive advantages business performance should be monitored regularly by a company. In the port industry container terminal operators are facing growing competition. A large scale of new container terminals are constructed and the number of new container terminal operators are increasing. Container shipping lines are gaining bargaining power against terminal operators in terms of negotiating terminal usage. The competitive environments result in reduced cargo handling charges and poor financial performance of container terminal operators. It becomes very important to examine how efficiently container terminal operators are operating their terminals and how to improve their performance. This paper investigates the measurement efficiency for container terminal operators in Korea using Data envelopment analysis(DEA) of DEA-CCR and DEA-BCC Model. This paper finds out which container terminal operators are inefficient and how to improve their management efficiency.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.23-44
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• 2022

Purpose - Recent issues such as vessel enlargement, strengthening of environmental regulations, and port smartization are expected to increase costs and intensify competition in the port industry. In the new normal era, when external growth has reached its limit, the efficient operation of ports is becoming indispensable for achieving sustainable growth. This study aims to identify the determinants of inefficiency by examining the cost structure and efficiency of container terminals in Korea and furthermore propose the political implications to derive the maximization of efficiency. Design/methodology - This study estimates the cost function of container terminal operators and identifies the efficiency of container terminals using stochastic cost frontier (SCF) in the first stage. In the second step, the SCF results are compared with the data envelopment analysis (DEA). Last, this paper proposes efficiency determinants on container terminal operation to establish appropriate strategies. Out of the 29 container terminal operators in South Korea, 13 operators participated in the survey. The translog cost function was estimated utilizing a total of 116 observations collected over the 2007-2017 period. Findings - Empirical analysis shows that economies of scale exist in Korea's container ports, which provides a rationale for the government's policy to establish the global terminal operator by integrating small terminal operators to enhance competitiveness. In addition, as a result of the determinants analysis, container throughput, weight of direct employment costs, and labour cost share have positive effects on improving cost efficiency, while inefficiency increases as the length of quay increases. More specifically, cost efficiency improves as the proportion of direct employment costs to outsourcing service costs increases. Originality/value - This study contributes to analyzing the inefficiency factors of container terminals through efficiency analysis with respect to a cost function. In addition, this study proposes the practical and political implications, such as establishing a long-term manpower pool, the application of the hybrid liner terminal system, and the construction of a statistical data system, to improve the cost inefficiency of terminal operators.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.29-39
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• 2021

Purpose: As China experienced a crisis due to Covid-19, the global supply chain collapsed and affected the world. Therefore, it is time for a change in port operational efficiency, increasing in importance with changes in the global supply chain. This study analyzed Shanghai Port's efficiency, the world's largest port and representative hub port in Northeast Asia, by looking at the relationship between facility factors and cargo throughput to present hub port development's timely implications. Research design, data and methodology: This study applied the Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (CCR) and Banker, Chames, and Cooper (BCC) models of the data development analysis (DEA) to construct an analysis from the input-oriented and output-oriented perspectives. Results: As a result, Yidong Container Terminal can be considered the most optimized in facilities and operation processes. Yidong and Shengdong Container Terminal should maintain current operating levels, while Pudong Container Terminal should review facility investments. Also, Zhendong, Huong, Mingdong, and Guandong Container Terminal should be reviewed to increase cargo throughput or to adjust current input variables in the current state. Conclusions: Therefore, the utilization of the container terminal input variables should be reviewed, and the factors of inefficiency should be improved. Moreover, the strategic focus of container terminal operations should be on increasing annual cargo throughput.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Simulation Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.63-68
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• 2004

The objective of this paper is to analyze the combined productivity at container terminal. We present a mode3 for combined productivity that perform the container transportation between apron and yard. Usually, the efficiency of container terminal is evaluated by productivity of container cranes at apron, but there are other equipment such as transport vehicles and yard cranes. Therefore, a method that can estimate the combined productivity of equipment of container terminal is required. We performed various simulation experiment and analyzed combined productivity to estimate the required number of equipment.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 2000

This study aims to analyse the coefficient used to estimate the quay capacity per year at the container terminal. The capacity of the container terminal is composed of the capacity at the quay side and the other working conditions at the back of the quay side. But when we refer the capacity of the container terminal, generally we used capacity as that of the container terminal. To estimate the quay capacity independently of the working conditions at the back of quay side, we calculate the quay capacity as th product of working hours per year, productivity of container crane and relate other coefficients, such that berth utilization, crane utilization and efficiency. So that coefficients are properly defined to reflect the other working conditions. If we calculate the quay capacity by the product of working hours modified by the berth utilization and crane productivity modified by the crane utilization and efficiency, the meaning of that coefficients must be strictly defined. So there could be no confusion to apply that coefficients to calculate the quay capacity. In this study, we exclusively define the meaning of the berth utilization, crane utilization and efficiency according to the internal-meaning of thats in the function to calculate the quay capacity. And compare each coefficients by decomposing the working hours at the terminal.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.1 s.97
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• pp.105-111
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• 2005

Recently, global terminal operotors are struggling to attract more cargoes into their ports through enlarging facilities and trying to be more efficient operotion Many researches on container terminal efficiency have been conducted, but most of the traditional studies are focused on the partial efficiency of the container terminal using quantitative questionnaires and basic statistical data In this paper, the Stochastic Frontier Model of the interaction among the variables was employed to execute numerical analysis on the efficiency of terminal. The objective of this paper is to measure the level of efficiency in the container terminals every year and to assess the influence in container terminal's efficiency on domestic and foreign terminals by changing the terminal scales and the level of input factors.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.605-611
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• 2007

In order to become a mega hub port, major ports all over the world are making every effort to enhance their productivity through efficiency of internal operation. Accordingly, in order to enhance the competitiveness of a container terminal, an automated container terminal is considered as the best alternative. An automated container terminal is using such automated handling equipment as AGV(Automated Guided Vehicles) and ATC(Automated Transfer Crane). The efficient equipment operation plays a critical role in enhancing the productivity of an automated container terminal. In an automated container terminal, the most important equipments are AGV and ATC. Each block of containers with a vertical layout is generally operating two ATCs. The two ATCs can be crossed or not at each block. In the case of operating crossover ATC, it has an advantage of high flexibility that ATC work is possible at both TP(Transfer Point) of each block. But it has also a disadvantage that the yard has to be operated at a low storage level of containers in the terminal yard. Recently, for automated container terminals, which are being prepared for opening in Korea, they plan to use uncrossed twin ATC in order to make the storage level of their yards high at a low cost. Therefore, studies have to be made in order to increase the efficiency of twin ATC system based on the flexibility that the crossover ATC system has. This research aims to suggest an operation strategy to improve efficiency of twin ATC at each storage block in a yard.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.719-726
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• 2010

As the competition among the container terminals in Korea has become increasingly fierce, every terminal is striving to increase its investments constantly and lower its operational costs in order to maintain the competitive edge and provide satisfactory services to terminal users. The unreasoning behavior, however, has induced that substantial waste and inefficiency exists in container terminal production. Therefore, it is of great importance for the terminal to know whether it has fully used its existing infrastructures and that output has been maximized given the input. From this perspective, data envelopment analysis (DEA) provides a more appropriate benchmark. This study applies three models of DEA to acquire a variety of analytical results about the operational efficiency to the Korean container terminals. According to efficiency value analysis, this study first finds the reason of inefficiency. It is followed by identification of the potential areas of improvement for inefficient terminals by applying slack variable method and giving the projection results. Finally, return to scale approach is used to assess whether each terminal is in a state of increasing, decreasing, or constant return to scale. The results of this study can provide terminal managers with insight into resource allocation and optimization of the operating performance.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 2010

This paper analyses the relative efficiency of 13 container terminals based on the data for the period 2003-8 to offer a fresh perspective. There has been abundant empirical research undertaken on the technical efficiency of Busan and Gwangyang port. Most studies have focused on the use of parametric and non-parametric techniques to analyse overall technical efficiency. Here, the framework assumes that terminals use two input to produce one output; the former includes container yard and container crane and the latter container volume. Jarque-Bera indicates that three variables are not normally distributed and the positive skewness shows that all the variables have long right tails. This means there are many small-scaled container terminals. This paper also employs heteroscedastic Tobit model to show the effect of the explanatory variables on the container terminal efficiencies. The Tobit model shows that both container yard and container cranes have positive effect on the container terminal efficiency, but container yard has a higher impact on the efficiency than the container crane.