• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.309-314
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• 1999

The major movement block of the containers is range between apron and designation points on yard in container terminal. The yard tractor operated by human takes charge of it's movement in conventional container terminal. In unmanned container terminal, UCT(unmanned container transporter) has charge of the yard tractor's role and the navigation path is ordered from upper level control system. The unmanned container terminal facilities must have docking system that guided landing line to have high speed travelling and precision positioning in unmanned container terminal. The general method for docking uses the vision system with CCD camera, infra red, and laser. This paper describes the investigation for the developed docking method in view point of merit and demerit and introduces 속 result of developing the docking system with LSB(laser slit beam).

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.245-254
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• 1999

This paper aims to derive the strategies for the container terminal in Pusan. So it has focused on analyzing the current conditions of Pusan container terminal while evaluating the difficulties arising from the existing facilities/equipment and the operating system in the Pusan Korea Container Terminal through the workers at the container terminal and at off-dock CY. The object of this study is to assist the existing terminals to operate the facilities/equipment reasonably and to contribute shaping the ports policy which will be the basis of constructing new ports that will remain competitive while maintaining superiority over the ports in northeast area. According to the analysis 68% of the supplier answered that their terminal services which are the most important factor in running a terminal were superior to the other while only 28% of the user answered that they thought the current services were superior. For the areas of supplementing the terminal the people working at the terminal answered in the order of business operation equipment the number of berth service and management ability while the user answered in the order of service computer system transportation system and equipment. According to the regression analysis it became clear that there should be more effort toward improving or supplementing the facility scale facility usage charge transportation facilities which will assist in developing competitiveness of the terminal. It was also noted that management ability and business ability were mentioned as the important factors in operating a terminal.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.9-24
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• 1995

The intensification of the competition among container terminals has led to important affect such as, decision making or aggressive intervention of customers for terminal operation. Therefore, in case of developed ports, the large transition of port operation is composed of the press of terminal customer than decision making of terminal manager. Overall port tariffs for using terminal is made out by the conference of terminal customers than the supreme headquarters of terminal operation, and the related investment of terminal has been made according to requisition or proposal of customers. Therefore, among decision making problems that shippers, shipping companies, and freight forwarder among decision making problems that shippers, shipping companies, and freight forwarder face, the choice of the container terminal is one of the most important problems. So, the decision making of the users seems to have a significant impact on the competitive power of container terminals. The main objective of this study is to design port marketing strategy for strengthening the competitive power of container terminals. The results of this study were found as follows: Firstly, port authority should establish user-oriented operation policy of terminal as the means of activating the opinion window, using terminal monitoring system(TMS). Secondly, terminal planning and development of government should be made to minimize the lead time, to induce the civil capital and to utilize the economies of scale. Thirdly, port authority needs to endeavor to analyze the information of competing foreign terminals as well to promote the concentrated marketing for the terminal on the users, to train the expert and to develop the new port charge system. Fourthly, to improve the competitive power of the container terminal, Port Authority should optimize the subsystems related to port marketing, far more these systems should be joined organically to work effectively. Finally, port authority system should be introduced, Namely, port should have the enterprise inclination as well s the public inclination.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.23-44
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• 2022

Purpose - Recent issues such as vessel enlargement, strengthening of environmental regulations, and port smartization are expected to increase costs and intensify competition in the port industry. In the new normal era, when external growth has reached its limit, the efficient operation of ports is becoming indispensable for achieving sustainable growth. This study aims to identify the determinants of inefficiency by examining the cost structure and efficiency of container terminals in Korea and furthermore propose the political implications to derive the maximization of efficiency. Design/methodology - This study estimates the cost function of container terminal operators and identifies the efficiency of container terminals using stochastic cost frontier (SCF) in the first stage. In the second step, the SCF results are compared with the data envelopment analysis (DEA). Last, this paper proposes efficiency determinants on container terminal operation to establish appropriate strategies. Out of the 29 container terminal operators in South Korea, 13 operators participated in the survey. The translog cost function was estimated utilizing a total of 116 observations collected over the 2007-2017 period. Findings - Empirical analysis shows that economies of scale exist in Korea's container ports, which provides a rationale for the government's policy to establish the global terminal operator by integrating small terminal operators to enhance competitiveness. In addition, as a result of the determinants analysis, container throughput, weight of direct employment costs, and labour cost share have positive effects on improving cost efficiency, while inefficiency increases as the length of quay increases. More specifically, cost efficiency improves as the proportion of direct employment costs to outsourcing service costs increases. Originality/value - This study contributes to analyzing the inefficiency factors of container terminals through efficiency analysis with respect to a cost function. In addition, this study proposes the practical and political implications, such as establishing a long-term manpower pool, the application of the hybrid liner terminal system, and the construction of a statistical data system, to improve the cost inefficiency of terminal operators.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Simulation Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.35-40
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• 2003

This paper presents a method for designing layout on the yard and evaluating alternative designs of the layout by applying simulation. The method is based on the concepts of the conventional port container terminal with a perpendicular yard layout. In general, yard design of the container terminal is consists of the two major parts. One is to divide yard area between the number of sections and the number of runs and the other is to decide the number of equipment that is the yard truck and yard crane. In the past days, this design was depended on the experience of the terminal operator and the structure of the conventional terminal layout because it is a very complex decision problem. In this paper we suggest the method of yard design as a conceptual procedure and estimate the efficiency of the container crane and the optimal the number of equipment using the simulation. Numerical examples are provided in order to illustrate the conceptual procedure. As the example, the suggested method and simulation are applied to the virtual container terminal with a perpendicular yard layout. In the results, the number of sections and runs on yard area, the number of yard truck per container crane and the number of yard crane per run are decided. In additional, the traffic among blocks on yard layout is estimated in terms of rate.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.121-144
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• 2007

In general, the design of container yard and container handling system on container terminal are focused on operation of shipside than service about chassis from outside(C/O). It is not efficient for chassis from outside. The purpose of this paper is functional assessment of efficient container terminal and for higher performance of container terminal. first, the items which are concerned with container handling at the planning of container terminal are investigated and extracted through the practical data analysis of container terminal. Also, verified problems of planning and present condition through the functional assessment. Secondly, the improvements for container throughput in container yard are proposed and examined the effectiveness of improvements about queuing time of chassis from outside and service time of transfer crane by the evaluation decision model based upon multi criteria objectives.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.148-154
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• 2021

With advancements of quay side handling equipment and technologies, congestion in terminal operation has moved to the storage yard side from the quay side. The importance of storage yard management has increased in overall terminal operation. Thus, many studies have been conducted to optimize the storage yard management of container terminals. However, there is no academic work to estimate the change of storage yard occupancy ratio by itself in the future. This paper examines the probability of storage yard occupancy ratio in the container terminal of Busan New port using the Markov chain analysis which explains probability change with passing time. The result shows that it is most likely to have the probability of maintaining a high level of storage yard occupancy ratio in the container terminal of Busan New Port.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.217-226
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• 2018

International major container terminals are trying to expand automation facilities in order to dominate the competition and grow as central harbors. Recently, system design and development were put underway to fully integrate automation systems in container terminals. This is because it can focus on improving the efficiency of the yard operations in container terminals and facilitates integration with other container terminal operation processes. Automation in the container terminal business today is essential to better serve customers and improve profitability. Real-time position and status of container handling equipment (CHE) have been required for more efficient terminal operations and consequently higher productivity. This study examined the real-time location and status of the container terminal automation equipment using DGPS in container terminals, and reviewed the components and functions of the container terminal automation yard equipment systems that developed, applied, and operated the automation systems. In addition, this study compared the existing yard system and the automation yard system and presented application methods. Also, the results revealed that the productivity of the container terminal and the efficiency of the transportation equipment can be further increased when the optimal yard automation transportation equipment system is used to efficiently operate the transportation equipment, which is the core equipment of the container terminal.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.117-124
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• 1998

This paper proposes a simulation model which evaluates operation plans of container terminal. The operation plans of container terminal consist of berth plan, load plan, unload plan, yard plan, and equipment plan. It is discussed how to apply the simulation method to evaluate those plans. Simulation analysis is based on data about plans from the operation planning system through an interface program. It is discussed what we should got in the simulation, for example, the statistics about container-handling equipment such as container cranes, transfer cranes, yard tractors, and trailers used in the transportation of containers.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.95-104
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• 2018

Purpose - In order to gain the upper hand in competition between container terminals, efforts to improve container terminal productivity continue. Export containers arrive randomly in the container terminal and are carried in the container terminal yard according to the arrival order. On the other hand, containers are carried out of the container terminal yard in order based on container weight, not in order of arrival. Because the carry-in order and the carry-out order are different, rehandling may occur, which reduces the performance of the container terminals. In order to reduce rehandling number, containers can be moved in advance when they arrive, which is called preprocessing. This paper proposes an effective preprocessing algorithm and analyzes the factors that affect the productivity of the container terminals. It also provides a way to choose the best factors for preprocessing for a variety of situations. Research design, data, and methodology - To analyze the impact of factors affecting the performance of preprocessing algorithms presented in this paper, simulations are performed. The simulations are performed for two types of bays, 12 stacks with 8 tiers, and 8 stacks with 6 tiers. Results - The results of the factor analysis that affects the performance of the preprocessing algorithm were as follows. (1) As the LMF increased, preprocessing number increases and rehandling number decreased. (2) The LML effect was greatest when the LML changed from 0 to 1, and that the effect decreased when it changed above 1. (3) The sum of preprocessing number and rehandling number was then shown to be increased after decrease, as the LMF increased. (4) In the case of NCI, a decrease in NCI showed that the containers would become more grouped and thus the performance was improved. (5) There was a positive effect in the case of EFS. Conclusion - In this paper, preprocessing algorithm was proposed and it was possible to choose the best factors for preprocessing for a variety of situations through simulations. Further research related to this study needs to be carried out in the following topic : a study on the improvement of container performance by connecting the preprocessing with remarshalling.