• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.110-118
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• 2013

High-caffeine energy drink consumption has been increasing in young adults, frequently causing the most common symptoms such as tremor, insomnia, anxiety, and nervousness and rarely leading to serious adverse effects like seizure, acute mania, and stroke due to caffeine overdose. There have been little current studies regarding analysis of high-caffeine energy drink consumption and its adverse effects in Korea. This study was to examine high-caffeine consumption patterns, associated factors, and adverse effects based on responses from 231 college students in a University through survey. About 88.3% (n=204) of total respondents reported that they had energy drinks. College students mostly consumed energy drinks to keep awake (46%) when studying and to recover fatigue (27%). Approximately 44% respondents mainly reported palpitation (73.9%) and insomnia (72.8%) regarding adverse effect questionnaire. Current reports on the risk of recreational use, co-ingestion of alcohol and energy drink as well as energy drink consumption among children and adolescents are increasing, requiring further long-term research and awareness of these issues.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.118-127
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to identify the preferred types and consumption patterns of food away from home by socio-demographic factors including cohort groups, sex. and consumption patterns consisting of 6 types. Data were collected from 412 respondents by questionnaire method in April through May 2002. Regression results indicate that sex, age, family income, family type and size as well as the consumption patterns were significant in explaining the determinants of food away from home expenditures. Four logit function (each for Korean, American, Japanese, and bunsik) results showed that each type of food away from home was likely to vary depending on socio-demographic factors (i.e., cohort groups and sex) and the consumption patterns (i.e., convenience and simple, distinction and variety, tradition oriented, foreign design, health and quality oriented, sensible taste and mood). Similarities and differences in food away from home types are discussed, and future implications for food and nutrition specialists as well as food industrial marketers are provided.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.543-558
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the amount of willingness to pay for environment-friendly agricultural processed foods by the level of consumption intention. To accomplish the objective of the study a consumer survey was conducted for quantitative analysis regarding consumption pattern. The ordered-probit selection model, Heckman-type two-stage method was employed for an empirical analysis on determining the amount of willingness to pay. The estimation results showed that in the case of consumers who are to keep their consumption at the present level, those with high quality contentment compared to price, brand contentment, and purchasing chiefly in the special store, have the higher amount of willingness. The estimation results also showed that in the case of consumers who are to increase their consumption, those with high quality contentment compared to price, brand contentment, certificate contentment, and having family members who suffer from diseases such as atopy, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, have the higher amount of willingness. Therefore For those who are to increase their consumption, enhancement of quality, enhancement of contentment with certificate, promotion are useful to increase the amount of willingness to pay.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to provide descriptive information on meal and snack patterns and to investigate snacks in relation to energy intake and food choice according to the meal patterns of employed people in Korea. 683 employed people (292 males, 391 females) were interviewed to collect one day dietary data by using 24-h dietary recall. A recorded day was divided into 3 meal and 3 snack periods by the respondent's criteria and the time of consumption. To analyze the eating pattern participants were divided as the more frequent snack eaters (MFSE) and the less frequent snack eaters (LFSE). They were also categorized into 6 groups according to the frequency of all eating occasions. The common meal pattern in nearly half of the subjects (47.6%) was composed of three meals plus one or two snacks per day. A trend of an increasing the number of snacks in between main meals emerges, although the conventional meal pattern is still retained in most employed Korean adults. Women, aged 30-39, and urban residents, had a higher number of being MFSE than LFSE. Increasing eating occasions was associated with higher energy, protein, and carbohydrate intakes, with the exception of fat intakes. 16.8% of the total daily energy intake came from snack consumption, while the 3 main meals contributed 83.2%. Energy and macronutrient intakes from snacks in the MFSE were significantly higher than the LFSE. Instant coffee was the most popular snack in the morning and afternoon, whereas heavy snacks and alcohol were more frequently consumed by both of the meal skipper groups ($\leq$2M+2,3S and $\leq$2M+0,1S) in the evening. In conclusion, meal pattern is changing to reflect an increase of more snacks between the three main meals. Meal and snack patterns may be markers for the energy and macronutrient intakes of employed people in Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.460-466
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• 2006

To investigate the effects of dietary patterns on bone mineral density and its biochemical markers among Korean healthy college women for 2 years, 34 female college students were recruited through convenience sampling. Bone mineral density was measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) twice at baseline and two years later. Osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone were measured in fasting serum and N-teleopeptides of type collagen (NTx) in urine. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-hour recall method 8 times with average 4-month interval. Dietary patterns with percent energy of each food group using cluster analysis were classified into two groups. The first cluster (n = 16) was characterized with high consumption of bread, snack, fast foods, beverage and considerable of rice so it was determined as 'Modified dietary pattern group'. The second cluster was characterized with high consumption of rice and kimchi so determined as 'Traditional dietary pattern group'. There were no significant difference of age, menarcheal age, body mass index but percent of body fat by pattern groups. The traditional group showed higher value of bone mineral density among lumber spine and all femur sites at baseline and 2 years later but it was not significant after adjusted for percent of body fat. Serum osteocalcin and urine NTx was higher among the traditional group at baseline than the modified group. There were similar proportions of carbohydrate:fat:protein between groups but significantly higher intake of protein, iron, vitamin A among the traditional group. In conclusion, there were two distinctive dietary patterns among Korean college women. There was difference of bone mineral density and its biochemical markers between two patterns. Further research would be necessary to explore the relationship between dietary patterns and health risks for larger-sized and various populations.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2011

Because excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages may reduce the quality of nutritional intake, this study examined the consumption patterns of commercial beverages, lifestyle, dietary habits, and perception of sweet taste. Participants were 407 male university students in Kyeooggido, Korea, and information was collected by self-administered questionnaire. Among them, 58 nonsmokers volunteered to participate in the taste test. Participants were divided into three groups according to the frequency of commercial beverage consumptions: 120 rare (< 1 serving/week), 227 moderate (1-3 servings/week) and 133 frequent (> 3 servings/week) consumption groups. More subjects from the rare consumption group chose water, tea, and soy milk, and more from the frequent consumption group chose carbonated soft drinks and coffee (P=0.031) as their favorite drinks. Frequent consumption group consumed fruit juice, coffee, and sports and carbonated soft drinks significantly more often (P=0.002, P=0.000, P=0.000, respectively), but not milk and tea. Frequent consumption group consumed beverages casually without a specific occasion (P=0.000) than rare consumption group. Frequent drinking of commercial beverages was associated with frequent snacking (P=0.002), meal skipping (P=0.006), eating out (P=0.003), eating delivered foods (P=0.000), processed foods (P=0.001), and sweets (P=0.002), and drinking alcoholic beverages (P=0.029). Frequent consumption group tended to have a higher threshold of sweet taste without reaching statistical significance. The results provide information for developing strategies for evidence-based nutrition education program focusing on reducing consumption of unnecessary sugar-sweetened commercial beverages.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.172-182
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• 2017

We investigated the association between dietary habits/food group consumption patterns and early risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a main cause for metabolic disease. Study participants were recruited from the health promotion center in Dong-A University Hospital and public advertisement. Study subjects (n = 243, 21-80 years) were categorized into three groups: Super-healthy (MetS risk factor [MetS RF] = 0, n = 111), MetS-risk carriers (MetS RF = 1-2, n = 96), and MetS (MetS $RF{\geq}3$, n = 27). Higher regularity in dietary habits (breakfast-everyday, regular eating time, non-frequent overeating, and non-frequent eating-out) was observed in the Super-healthy group than in the MetS-risk carriers, and particularly in the MetS subjects. The relationship between food group consumption patterns and MetS-risk related parameters were investigated with adjustment for confounding factors. Fruit consumption was positively associated with HDL-cholesterol, and tended to be negatively associated with waist circumference, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, and insulin resistance (IR). The consumption of low-fat meats and fish, and vegetables was negatively associated with hs-CRP. Specifically, the consumption of seafoods belonging to the low-fat fish was negatively associated with fasting glucose, hs-CRP, and interleukin (IL)-6. Anchovy/dried white baits consumption was negatively associated with fasting insulin and IR. Green-yellow vegetables consumption was negatively associated with fasting insulin, IR, and hs-CRP. On the other hand, sugars and fast-foods were positively associated with LDL-cholesterol. Additionally, fast-foods consumption was positively associated with hs-CRP and IL-6 levels. In conclusion, dietary habits/food group consumption patterns are closely associated with MetS-risk related parameters in Koreans. It may suggest useful information to educate people to properly select healthy foods for early prevention of MetS.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.147-160
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• 2010

This study aims to analyze the effect of emotional response from dining out experience on satisfaction after dining out based on the customers who have visited a luxurious Korean restaurant. For this study, it designed a research model through literary research and derived hypotheses. For the empirical analysis, 250 copies of the questionnaire using the self-administered method were distributed and 230(94%) copies were collected. Among them, 220(88%) copies were used for the analysis. SPSS WIN Version 12.0 statistical package program was used for the analysis of data processing, the frequency analysis, reliability analysis and factor analysis were operated, and the hypothesis testing was verified by the regression analysis. The results of the analyses are as follows. For the hypothesis that "the dining-out consumption pattern will have a significant effect on the emotional response," it was verified that the style which pursues health and the style which is loyal to relationships had significant effects on pleasure while the style which pursues rest didn't. Also, the style which pursues health and the style which is loyal to relationships had significant effects on arousal while the style which pursues rest didn't. For the hypothesis that "emotional response will have a significant effect on satisfaction," it was verified that pleasure and simulation had significant effects on satisfaction. As a result of the study, the current dining-out consumption pattern is changed from the purpose of having meals for the biological needs in the past to considering emotional response such as preferred taste or mood.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.507-515
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• 2014

The consumption of meat is increasing in India and agriculture is considered as the backbone of a majority of people. Livestock plays a significant role, and poultry and dairy are the major sectors contributing to economic development. The majority of meats consumed in India are fish, bovine, mutton, goat, pig, and poultry. In Indian context, culture, traditions, customs, and taboos influence meat consumption to a great extent. However, studies show that urbanization has been causing a rise in demand for meat products. India is the world's second largest exporter of beef. In India, 95% of goat meat produced is consumed locally. Meat consumption, in particular, is determined by the religions where pork is forbidden to Muslims and beef is prohibited to Hindus. The preference and consumption of chicken meat can be considered as a universal phenomenon and chicken meat is greatly accepted by consumers in India as compared to the other meat consumption. The increase of chicken meat consumption is due to the versatility of the meat, relatively low cost in comparison to other meat, and the acceptance of the chicken meat to all religions. There has been a great rise in the production of livestock products and this is expected to continue in the future. The pattern of meat consumption depends considerably on culture, tradition and urbanization. This review was formulated with the objective of identifying the meat consumption patterns in a typical Indian society.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.1381-1385
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• 2004

This paper presents a modelling methodology using fuzzy logic and train performance simulation for determining an economical running pattern for a high speed train which minimizes energy consumption under an given trip margin. The economical running pattern is defined with an economical maximum speed in traction phase, a speed at the end of coasting. As a case study, the simulation is carried out for an economical run of korea high speed train prototype, and the results of fuzzy model described.