• 제목/요약/키워드: Consumption Level

검색결과 3,020건 처리시간 0.034초

성인여성의 보행 운동 후 전신진동이 근피로도 해소와 심박회복율에 미치는 영향 (The Effect of Muscle Fatigue Reduction and Heart Rate Recovery According to Whole Body Vibration after Gait Exercise in the Young Female)

  • 강승록;민진영;홍철운;권대규
    • 감성과학
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    • 제19권1호
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    • pp.3-10
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    • 2016
  • 본 연구에서는 고강도 운동 후 전신진동이 근피로도 감소와 심박회복율에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 피험자는 총 20명으로 진동을 제공받는 그룹과 진동을 제공받지 않는 그룹으로 구성되어 있다. 고강도 운동은 경사 8.5도와 보행속도 4km/h를 30분간 제공하였고, 그룹별 진동유무별 의자형 진동기 위에서 30분간 휴식을 취하였다. 전신진동자극은 10Hz의 진동주파수와 5mm의 진폭을 제공하였다. 진동유무별 피로도 감소와 심박안정화 효과를 검증하기 위해 혈중 젖산농도와 실시간 심박수 변화를 측정하였다. 실험결과, 진동을 제공받는 그룹에서 95.2% 수준의 더 큰 근피로도 감소결과와 50.67%의 더 빠른 심박회복율 결과를 보였다. 이는 고강도 운동 후 전신진동이 근육속 혈관을 지속적으로 자극하여 운동 후 초과산소섭취를 빠르게 해소하고 혈액순환 기능을 증진시켜 피로도를 감소시킨다. 고강도 운동 후 전신진동을 이용한 휴식은 노약자나 여성들에게 운동 후 다른 육체적 활동 없이 마무리운동으로 긍정적 효과를 기대할 수 있다.

가축의 fumonisin 중독증에 대한 최근 연구 동향 : 종설 (The current status of fumonisin toxicosis in domestic animals: A review)

  • 임채웅;임병무
    • 대한수의학회지
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    • 제35권2호
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    • pp.405-416
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    • 1995
  • 말의 뇌화연증(equine leukoencephalomalacia)과 돼지의 폐수종(porcine pulmonary edema)은 Fusarium에 오염된 옥수수로 인하여 발생되는 것으로 추정되어 왔다. 1988년에 F moniliforme에서 2차 대사산물인 fumonisin $B_1(FB_1)$이 동정되면서 오염된 옥수수와 순수 분리된 $FB_1$으로 두질병이 실험적으로 재현되었고, 말과 돼지 이외의 다른 가축에 대해서도 독성 연구가 진행되고 있다. fumonisins(FBs)는 모든 종에서 간에 독성을 나타내나 종에 따라 주요 독성 장기가 각기 다름이 밝혀지고 있다. FB의 독성 기전에 대해서는 잘 알려지지 않았으나 FB가 sphingolipid 생성과정을 차단함으로써 장기 및 혈중에 sphinganine(SA) : sphingosine(SO)를 증가시키는 것으로 알려졌다. 이는 증가된 SA : SO가 FB 독성의 진단기준이 될 수 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 최근 진행 중인 연구에 의하면, 저용량의 $FB_1$ 급식 투여가 돼지에서 혈중 입자(blood-born particle)에 대한 폐혈관 대식 세포(pulmonary intravascular macrophage)의 탐식 능력을 저하시켜, 세균 감염에 대한 감수성이 증가될 수 있음을 시사하고 있다. Fusarium 속균은 전세계적으로 생산되는 옥수수에서 발생되고 있으며, 우리나라는 사료에 사용되는 옥수수의 절대량을 수입에 의존하고 있는 점을 고려할 때, 허용기준 및 무해용량 등에 대한 관리가 절실하다. 이 논문에서는 최근 연구된 FB에 의한 가축 독성에 대하여 기술하고자 한다.

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청각신경신호 검출 장치용 다중채널 아나로그 프론트엔드 (Multi-Channel Analog Front-End for Auditory Nerve Signal Detection)

  • 천지민;임승현;이동명;장은수;한건희
    • 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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    • 제47권1호
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    • pp.60-68
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    • 2010
  • 청신경의 이상으로 발생하는 감각신경성 난청의 경우, 달팽이관이나 청각신경에 전극을 이식하여 전기자극을 가함으로써 청지각을 살릴 수 있다. 이를 위해 우선적으로, 각 청각신경들이 담당하여 인지할 수 있는 소리의 주파수 분포를 표시한 음계소지도를 파악해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 청각신경신호 검출 장치용 다중채널 아나로그 프론트엔드 회로를 제안한다. 제안된 아나로그 프론트엔드의 각 채널은 AC 커플링 회로, 저 전력 4차 Gm-C LPF와 단일 기울기 ADC로 이루어진다. AC 커플링 회로는 청각신호의 불확실한 DC 전압 레벨을 제거하고 AC 신호만 전달한다. Gm-C LPF는 청각신호의 대역폭을 고려하여 설계 되었으며, 플로팅-게이트 기법이 적용된 OTA를 사용하였다. 채널별 ADC를 구현하기 위해서, 최소의 면적으로 구현할 수 있는 단일 기울기 ADC 구조를 사용하였다. 측정 결과, AC 커플링 회로와 4차 Gm-C LPF는 100 Hz - 6.95 kHz의 대역폭을 가지며, 단일 기울기 ADC는 7.7 비트의 유효 해상도를 가진다. 그리고, 채널 당 $12\;{\mu}W$의 전력이 소모 되었다. 전원 전압은 3.0 V가 공급되었고, 코어는 $2.6\;mm\;{\times}\;3.7\;mm$의 실리콘 면적을 차지한다. 제안된 아나로그 프론트엔드는 1-poly 4-metal $0.35-{\mu}m$ CMOS 공정에서 제작 되었다.

Band-III T-DMB/DAB 모바일 TV용 저전력 CMOS RF 튜너 칩 설계 (Design of a Fully Integrated Low Power CMOS RF Tuner Chip for Band-III T-DMB/DAB Mobile TV Applications)

  • 김성도;오승엽
    • 한국전자파학회논문지
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.443-451
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    • 2010
  • 본 논문에서는 Band-III 지상파 디지털 멀티미디어 방송 수신용 저전력 CMOS RF 튜너 칩에 대해 기술한다. 제안된 RF 튜너 칩은 저전력의 소형 휴대단말기 개발에 적합한 Low-IF 수신 구조로 설계되었으며, 174~240 MHz의 RF 방송 신호를 수신하여 1.536 MHz 대역폭의 2.048 MHz IF 신호를 출력한다. RF 튜너 칩은 저잡음 증폭기, 이미지 신호 제거 믹스, 채널 필터, LC-VCO, PLL과 Band-gap 기준 전압 생성기 등의 모든 수신부 기능 블록들을 포함하고 있으며, 0.18 um RF CMOS 기술을 이용하여 단일 칩으로 제작되었다. 또한 전력 소모를 줄이기 위한 4단계 이득 가변이 가능한 저잡음 증폭기를 제안하였으며, Schmoock's 선형화 기법과 Current bleeding 회로 등을 이용하여 수신 성능을 개선하였다. 제작된 RF 튜너 칩의 이득 제어 범위는 -25~+88 dB, 잡음 특성(NF)은 Band-III 전체 대역에서 약 4.02~5.13 dB, 선형 특성(IIP3)은 약 +2.3 dBm 그리고 이미지 신호 제거비는 최대 63.4 dB로 측정되었다. 총 전력 소모는 1.8 V 단일 전원에서 약 54 mW로 우수하며, 칩 면적은 약 $3.0{\times}2.5mm^2$이다.

김치에서 분리한 Leuconostoc Citreum GR1의 흰쥐에 대한 반복투여독성 (Four-Week Repeated Oral Toxicity Study of Leuconostoc citreum GR1 in Rats)

  • 김아라;이명렬;장해춘;이재준
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제42권4호
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    • pp.600-607
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구는 김치 유래 유산균인 Leuc. citreum GR1의 안정성을 평가하고자 Leuc. citreum GR1을 SD 계통의 흰쥐에게 4주간 반복 경구투여를 통하여 장기투여에 의한 안전성을 확인하고자 식품의약품안전청의 의약품 등의 독성시험기준에 따라 실시하였다. SD 계열의 암수 흰쥐에 시험물질을 0, 500, 1,000 및 2,000 mg/kg/day의 용량으로 4주간 반복 경구투여 한 후 사망률, 일반증상, 체중변화, 사료섭취량, 수분섭취량, 부검소견, 장기무게의 변화, 혈액학적, 혈액생화학적 및 병리조직학적 검사를 실시하였다. 모든 시험군에서 시험기간 시험물질로 인한 일반증상 및 사망동물이 관찰되지 않았다. 전 시험기간 동안 Leuc. citreum GR1의 4주간의 경구투여 결과 체중이 지속적으로 증가되었지만 대조군과 유의성 있는 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 장기의 육안적 관찰, 장기 중량변화, 혈액학적, 혈액생화학적 및 병리조직학적 검사에서도 모든 시험물질 투여군이 대조군과 유의성이 있는 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 모두 정상 범위를 벗어나지 않아 시험물질에 기인하는 이상 소견을 발견할 수 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 4주 반복투여 독성시험 결과 김치 유산균인 Leuc. citreum GR1은 저독성의 안전한 물질로 판정되며, 본 시험물질의 무독성량은 암수 모두 2,000 mg/kg/day 이상을 상회하는 것으로 판단되었다.

Effects of Combination of Nitrate with ${\beta}$1-4 Galacto-oligosaccharides and Yeast (Candida kefyr) on Methane Emission from Sheep

  • Sar, C.;Santoso, B.;Gamo, Y.;Kobayashi, T.;Shiozaki, S.;Kimura, K.;Mizukoshi, H.;Arai, I.;Takahashi, J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.73-79
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    • 2004
  • The objective of the present study was to determine whether ${\beta}$1-4 galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and Candida kefyr combined with nitrate as manipulators could suppress rumen methanogenesis without nitrate poisoning in sheep. Four rumen fistulated wethers were allocated to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Nitrate (1.3 g $NaNO_3$ $Kg^{-0.75}$body weight) with and without GOS and Candida kefyr were administered into the rumen through fistula as a single dose 30 min after the morning meal. GOS and Candida kefyr were supplemented by sprinkling onto the feed and through rumen fistula, respectively. The four treatments consisted of saline, nitrate, nitrate plus GOS and nitrate plus GOS plus Candida kefyr. Physiological saline was used as the control treatment. Compared to saline treatment, the administration of nitrate alone resulted in a very marked decrease in rumen methanogenesis and an increase in rumen and plasma nitrite production and blood methaemoglobin formation consequently causing a decline in oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and metabolic rate. When compared to nitrate alone, the simultaneous administration of nitrate with GOS decreased nitrite accumulation in rumen and plasma and nitrate-induced methaemoglobin, while retaining low methane production. However, GOS could not fully restore metabolic parameters reduced by nitrate. When compared to the simultaneous administration of nitrate with GOS, the simultaneous administration of nitrate with GOS plus Candida kefyr lowered rumen methanogenesis to a negligible level, but did not decrease rumen and plasma nitrite accumulation as well as blood methaemoglobin formation. Thus, these results suggest that combination of nitrate with GOS may be a potent manipulator to suppress rumen methanogenesis with abating the hazards of nitratenitrite toxicity in ruminants.

Effects of Microbial Phytase Supplementation to Diets with Low Non-Phytate Phosphorus Levels on the Performance and Bioavailability of Nutrients in Laying Hens

  • Um, J.S.;Paik, I.K.;Chang, M.B.;Lee, B.H.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.203-208
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    • 1999
  • An 8 week feeding trial was conducted with 864 ISA Brown laying hens, 48 weeks old, to determine if microbial phytase $(Natuphos^{(R)})$ supplementation can reduce non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) level in laying diets. The experiment consisted of four dietary treatments: T1, control diet with 0.26% NPP (0.55% total P) wand no supplementary phytase; T2, 0.21% NPP (0.50% total P) diet with 250 U of phytase/kg of diet; T3, 0.16% NPP (0.45% total P) diet with 250 U of phytase/kg of diet; and T4, 0.11% NPP (0.40% total P) diet with 250 U of phytase/kg of diet. T3 showed the highest egg production and egg weight and the lowest feed conversion while T4 gave the lowest egg production and the highest feed conversion and mortality. Daily feed consumption ranged from 130.4 g (T4) to 132.7 g (T2). T1 and T2 were not significantly different in the production parameters. Eggshell strength, egg specific gravity, and eggshell thickness were not significantly different among treatments. However, broken egg ratio was significantly lower in T2 and T4 than in T1. Retentions of Ca, P, Mg, and Cu were greater in phytase supplemented treatments (T2, T3, and T4) than the control (T1), and those in T3 and T4 were greater than in T2. Excretions of P in phytase supplemented treatments (T2, T3, and T4) were significantly (p<0.05) smaller than in T1 but excretions of N were not significantly different among the treatments. Contents of ash in tibiae were not significantly affected by treatments, but contents of Ca, P, Mg, and Zn was increased and that of Cu decreased by phytase supplementation. It is concluded that the NPP concentration in the diet of Brown layers consuming about 130 g/d of feed can be safely lowered from 0.26% (0.55% total P) to 0.16% (0.45% total P). The excretion of P was reduced by the inclusion of 250 U phytase/kg of diet.

Lack of an Apparent Association between Mycotoxin Concentrations in Red Chili Peppers and Incidence of Gallbladder Cancer in India : an Ecological Study

  • Ikoma, Toshikazu;Kapoor, Vinay Kumar;Behari, Anu;Mishra, Kumudesh;Tsuchiya, Yasuo;Asai, Takao;Endoh, Kazuo;Okano, Kiyoshi;Nakamura, Kazutoshi
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제17권7호
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    • pp.3499-3503
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    • 2016
  • Our recent studies conducted in South America have shown that mycotoxin contamination of red chili peppers (RCPs) may be associated with an increased risk of gallbladder cancer (GBC). Whether this relationship exists in India, a country with a high incidence of GBC and high consumption of RCPs, is unclear. We therefore measured concentrations of aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in RCPs from areas of low, medium, and high incidence of GBC in India, and compared these concentrations with GBC incidence in each area. Twenty-one RCP samples were collected from nine cities (eight from a low-incidence area, five from a medium-incidence area, and eight from a high-incidence area). Concentrations of AFs and OTA were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. No significant differences in mean concentrations of AFs and OTA were found in the three areas. AFB1 levels in the low-incidence area ($10.81{\mu}g/kg$) and high-incidence area ($12.00{\mu}g/kg$) were more than 2.2 and 2.4 times higher compared with the maximum permitted level of AFB1 in spices ($5.0{\mu}g/kg$) set by the Commission of the European Communities, or that ($4.4{\mu}g/kg$) obtained in our previous study in Chile. Our results show that the mean concentrations of mycotoxins in RCPs are similar among the three areas in India with different incidences of GBC. Further studies with human subjects are needed to evaluate any association between AFB1 and GBC.

Sub-acute toxicity and effect of Hwangryunhaedok-tang on human drug-metabolizing enzymes

  • Jin, Seong Eun;Lee, Mee-Young;Seo, Chang-Seob;Shin, Hyeun-Kyoo;Cho, Jae-Woo;Ha, Hyekyung
    • 대한한의학회지
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    • 제38권2호
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    • pp.15-30
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    • 2017
  • Objectives: Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HHT; Huanglianjiedu-tang, Orengedoku-to), a traditional herbal formula, is used for treating inflammation, hypertension, gastritis, liver dysfunction, cerebrovascular diseases, dermatitis and dementia. The objective of this study was to assess the sub-acute toxicity of HHT in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, and its effect on the activities of human microsomal cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Methods: Male and female SD rats were orally administered HHT once daily at doses of 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg for 4 weeks. We analyzed mortality, clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, organ weights, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology. The activities of major human CYP450s (CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1) and UGTs (UGT1A1, UGT1A4, and UGT2B7) were assessed using in vitro fluorescence- and luminescence-based enzyme assays, respectively. Results: No toxicologically significant changes related to the repeated administration of HHT were observed in both male and female SD rats. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) value was more than 2000 mg/kg/day for both sexes. HHT inhibited the activities of human microsomal CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1, whereas it weakly inhibited the activities of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and UGT1A1. In addition, HHT negligibly inhibited the activities of human microsomal UGT1A4 and UGT2B7 with $IC_{50}$ values in excess of $1000{\mu}g/mL$. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that HHT may be safe for repeated administration up to 4 weeks. In addition, these findings provide information on the safety and effectiveness of HHT when co-administered with conventional drugs.

선택형 컨조인트 분석을 통한 건강기능식품 속성의 소비자 선호에 관한 연구: 비타민 상품을 중심으로 (Choice-based Conjoint Analysis of Consumer Preferences for Health Food Attributes Focused on Vitamin C Supplements)

  • 김태훈;김보영
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제13권3호
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    • pp.79-91
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    • 2015
  • Purpose - First, the study identifies and analyzes consumer preferences with regard to health foods and supplements. Second, it identifies and analyzes consumer preferences with regard to the properties of Vitamin C supplements. Third, in order to provide a basic data for the development of Vitamin C supplements and to measure how consumers value the properties of different Vitamin C products, a consumer survey was conducted through the choice-based conjoint model. Based on the results, the research estimates consumers' relative product-related priorities as well as price levels and willingness to pay (WTP) for different product types, and makes suggestions regarding consumer-oriented new product development and progressive directions for the successful launch of health foods and supplements. Research design, data, and methodology - This study aims to define the attributes of health foods and supplements based on several characteristics including their natural ingredients, product price, product originality, natural ingredient content, and additional functional ingredients, and makes suggestions regarding strategic market pricing and product development for health foods and supplements according to customer attitudes and characteristics. The research used choice-based conjoint analysis methodology based on the Multinomial Logic Model and collected 94 questionnaires filled out by users of Korean Vitamin C supplements. Results - Product price is the most influential factor among the five analyzed properties. When consumers buy Vitamin C products, the relative significance level of four of the examined properties is as follows: 40.9% for product price, 23.3% for product originality, 21.9% for natural ingredient content, and 13.9% for additional functional ingredients. Vitamin C content is excluded as it is not a statistically significant factor. It is interesting that supplement manufacturers and retailers consider Vitamin C content to be very important whereas consumers do not regard it as an important factor at the time of purchase. The results for the marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for each property of Vitamin C supplements show that consumers are willing to pay an additional 11,146 Korean won for a 50% increase in the natural ingredient content. With regard to product originality, consumers are willing to pay an additional 11,301 Korean won for products manufactured in Europe than for products manufactured in China. Moreover, consumers show a greater preference for products manufactured in Korea than in Europe. However, consumers are not willing to pay more for additional Vitamin C or additional functional ingredients added to Vitamin C products. Conclusions - According to the results of consumer research on Vitamin C supplements, which represent a popular health food supplement in Korea, most Korean health food and supplement companies are not consumer- or market-oriented when developing new products. Companies gather information from either R&D specialists or sales managers and their opinions are highly reflected in new product development. The study's results will help companies recognize the importance of understanding consumers' unmet needs in advance to develop new products in the future.