• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.438-445
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• 2016

Cyperi Rhizoma (CR), the rhizome of Cyperus rotundus L., exhibits neuroprotective effects in in vitro and in vivo models of neuronal diseases. Nevertheless, no study has aimed at finding the neuroactive constituent(s) of CR. In this study, we identified active compounds in a CR extract (CRE) using bioactivity-guided fractionation. We first compared the anti-oxidative and neuroprotective activities of four fractions and the CRE total extract. Only the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction revealed strong activity, and further isolation from the bioactive EA fraction yielded nine constituents: scirpusin A (1), scirpusin B (2), luteolin (3), 6'-acetyl-3,6-diferuloylsucrose (4), 4',6' diacetyl-3,6-diferuloylsucrose (5), p-coumaric acid (6), ferulic acid (7), pinellic acid (8), and fulgidic acid (9). The activities of constituents 1-9 were assessed in terms of anti-oxidative, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloid-${\beta}$ activities. Constituents 1, 2, and 3 exhibited strong activities; constituents 1 and 2 were characterized for the first time in this study. These results provide evidence for the value of CRE as a source of multi-functional neuroprotectants, and constituents 1 and 2 may represent new candidates for further development in therapeutic use against neurodegenerative diseases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.344-350
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• 2012

Previously, we showed that Dangguisoo-san (DGSS), an herbal formula that has been traditionally used for the treatment of blood stagnation, is also applicable for inflammatory lung diseases. Activation of Nrf2, an anti-inflammatory transcription factor, and suppression of NF-${\kappa}B$, a pro-inflammatory transcription factor, were suggested as an underlying mechanism. However, the constituents responsible for these activities remain unidentified. To this end, we prepared the water extracts of the 9 constituents of DGSS and tested for their effect on Nrf2 by using an Nrf2-Luciferase reporter cell line and western blot analysis. Results show that Carthamus tinctorius L.(CT), one of the 9 constituents of DGSS, strongly activated Nrf2. Similarly, when measured the effect of the 9 constituents on NF-${\kappa}B$ by using an NF-${\kappa}B$-Luciferase reporter cell line and western blotting for nuclear p65, indicative of activated NF-${\kappa}B$, most constituents were capable of suppressing NF-${\kappa}B$ in various degrees. However, CT and Cyperus rotundus L. (CR) strongly suppressed NF-${\kappa}B$ activity elicited by LPS. Of note, CT activated Nrf2 and suppressed NF-${\kappa}B$ strongly as well. Our results contributes to corroborating the anti-inflammatory effects of DGSS by identifying CT and CR as two major herbs responsible for activating Nrf2 and suppressing NF-${\kappa}B$. These results suggest that CT and CR represent some of the effects of DGSS in the regulation of inflammation.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2003

This study was designed to investigate the effects of main constituents of Nigella sativa (NS) seed on the survival and CNS responses in experimental animals. The toxicological investigations were conducted for the determination of median lethal doses $(LD_{50})$ of NS seed constituents [i.e. aqueous extract (AE), fixed oil (FO), volatile oil (VO)] and main components of its VO [i.e. thymoquinone (TQ), ${\alpha}-pinene$ (AP) and p-cymene (PC)]. A part of this study includes evaluation NS constituents in the induction of minimal neurological deficit (MND) as a parameter for neurotoxicity using chimney test. In this study, the i.p. $LD_{50}$ values of AE, FO, VO, TQ (suspended In 0.5%CMC), TQ (dissolved in corn oil), AP and PC, were 3020, 3371, 1853, 616.6, 90.3, 1726 and 1523 mg/kg, respectively. All the NS constituents can be considered moderately toxic ($LD_{50}$ ranged from 616.6 to 3371 mg/kg), except the oily solution of TQ, which was very toxic ($LD_{50}$ was 90.3 mg/kg). It appeared that the toxicity of the whole VO is mainly due to its content of TQ and to some extent PC. All the NS constituents induced different degrees of MND at certain dose levels. The median neurotoxic (or sedating) doses $(TD_{50})$ of AE, FO, VO, TQ (suspended in CMC) and AP and PC, were 950, 1403, 306, 88.1, >173 and 368 mg/kg, respectively. TQ was the most potent component in inducing MND, whereas the FO and AE were the least. Neurotoxicity induced by the VO in the chimney test may refer basically to its contents of TQ and to some extent PC and AP.

• 분석과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.759-770
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• 1995

By extensive studies with the quantitative status of the mineral constituents of thousands of water samples, it was found that almost in all natural waters irrespective of the surface or sub-surface sources, minimum 99.5% of the total amount of the cationic constituents are generally the contributions of 3 commonly present parameters viz. Ca, Mg and Na and that of the anionic species are same and contributed by $HCO_3$, Cl and $SO_4$ only. In the field of water works, all these major mineral substances are conventionally measured as their individual ions. But till now, no reliable and generalised methods or rules have been developed for the determination of the exact kinds of the individual salt components and their amounts from these ionic constituents normally present in water. As salt content, only the TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) parameter is frequently measured by evaporation of the water sample. But TDS can tell nothing about the kinds and amounts of the individual salts present in it. Considering the analytical importance of the estimation of the mineral substances as their individual salts, some generalised mathematical models have been developed by this research which are based on the 'hypothetical order of chemical combinations' as may occur among the ionic constituents. With the help of these models, one can easily assume the most probable salts with approximate quantities derived from the ionic constituents. In addition, approximate amount of Na content can also be estimated mathematically with simultaneous verification of the correctness of the water analysis results. The models are stated in this paper with practical illustrations and descriptions of the method of applications.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.145-161
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• 2015

This research was conducted in order to understand the hybridization between Quercus aliena Blume and Q. serrata Murray in Korea which show wide range of morphological variations within species and interspecific variations of diverse overlapping characteristics caused by hybridization. Morphological analysis (principal components analysis; PCA) of 116 individuals representing two species and their intermediates were performed. As a result, two species were clearly distinguished in terms of morphology, and intermediate morpho-types assumed to be hybrids between the two species were mostly located in the middle of each parent species in the plot of the principal components analysis. There was a clear distinction between two species in trichome distribution pattern which is an important diagnostic character in taxonomy of genus Quercus, whereas intermediate morpho-types showed intermediate state between two species' trichome distributions. Forty-two individuals representing two species and their intermediates were examined for leaf flavonoid constituents. Twenty-three flavonoid compounds were isolated and identified: They were glycosylated derivatives of flavonols, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin and myricetin. The flavonoid constituents of Q. aliena were five glycosylated derivatives: kaempferol 3-O-galactoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, and Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside. The flavonoid constituents of Q. serrata had 20 diverse flavonol compounds including five flavonoid compounds found in Q. aliena. It was found that there is a clear difference in flavonoid constituents of Q. aliena and Q. serrata. Flavonoid chemistry is very useful in recognizing each species and putative hybrids. The flavonoid constituents of intermediates were a mixture of the two species' constituents and they generally showed similar characteristics to morpho-types. The hybrids between Q. aliena and Q. serrata showed morphologically and chemically diverse characteristics and it is assumed that there are frequent interspecific hybridization and introgression.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.386-395
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• 1995

미나리(Oenanthe javanica D.C)의 향기성분의 추출방법, 부위별 및 열처리 방법에 따라 미나리의 향기 성분을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 수증기 증류법에 의해 추출된 성분은 23종의 성분, Head space법에서는 8종의 성분, Ether 추출법에서는 16종의 성분, Tenax-GC법에서는 9종의 성분이 확인되어 향기성분 조성은 추출방법에 따라 상당한 차이를 나타냈고, 수증기 증류법에 의해 추출하였을때 가장 많은 종류의 성분이 검색되었다. 부위별 미나리 향기성분을 분석한 결과, 향기성분의 함량은 줄기와 잎에서 각각 41.71 mg%, 85.37 mg%로 잎에서의 함량이 줄기보다 더 높았다. 줄기 부위에서는 hydrocarbon류 14종, aldehyde류 5종, alcohol류 4종으로 23종의 성분을 잎 부위에서는 hydrocarbon류 21종, aldehyde 5종, alcohol류 4종, ester 1종으로 31종의 성분을 확인하였으며, 잎 부위가 줄기에 비하여 비교적 다양한 종류의 향기 성분이 검출되었다. 줄기에서는 octanal 함량이 가장 높았고, limonene, sabinene, -terpinene, -myrcene 함량이 높았으며, 잎에서는 octanal 함량이 가장 높았고, isobicyclogermacrene, limonene, -farnesene, undecaethiol, -terpinene, sabinene, elemene, -myrcen 함량이 높았으며, 이들이 미나리의 중요한 향기성분이라 할 수 있다. 또한 열처리 방법에 따라 미나리의 향기성분 조성이 변화되었으며, 1000 $m\ell$에서 열처리한 미나리가 생시료 미나리의 향기성분과 가장 유사하였고 향기 성분 함량이 가장 높았다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.350-356
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• 2011

십전대보탕의 발효 전 후 성분 변화를 분석하기 위해 8종의 유산균을 이용하여 발효한 십전대보탕과 발효하지 않은 십전대보탕을 비교 분석하여 발효 후 증가한 3종의 성분과 감소한 2종의 성분을 규명하여 각 유산 균주에 대하여 5종 성분의 정량 분석을 실시하였다. 증가한 3종의 성분은 각종 크로마토그래픽 기술을 이용하여 분리 정제 후 NMR, MS 등의 분광학적 분석기법을 이용하여 구조를 규명하였으며, cinnamyl alcohol (1), liquiritigenin (3) 및 nodakenetin (5)으로 규명되었다. 발효 후 감소한 성분은 표준품과 HPLC 비교분석(retention time, DAD spectrum)을 통하여 liquiritin (2) 및 nodakenin (4)으로 구조를 규명하였다. 8종의 유산 균주로 발효한 십전대보탕의 성분 변화를 분석한 결과 L. plantarum KFRI 144 발효물이 다른 유산균 발효물에 비하여 cinnamyl alcohol (1), liquiritigenin (3) 및 nodakenetin (5) 성분이 대체적으로 가장 높게 증가하였으며, liquiritin (2) 및 nodakenin (4) 성분이 가장 큰 비율로 감소하여 8종의 유산 균주 중 발효 효과가 가장 우수하였다.

• 대한수의사회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 1978

The author studied the effect of various dietary constituents on the serum total cholesterol and magnesium levels of rabbits, and discussed the correlation of these serum constituents in relation to dietary factors. 1) Massive administration of the animal

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.41-47
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• 2009

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.855-863
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• 2012

This study analyzed mass concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 and elemental constituents according to the isentropic backward trajectories of air parcel from Cheongwonin East Asia during the period January - October, 2011. Mass concentrations of the continental polluted airflow (CP) showed levels of TSP and PM10 mass concentrations higher than the continental background airflow (CB). Also, PM2.5 mass concentrations of anthropogenic fine particles ran higher in CP than in CB. The elemental constituents and elemental constituent ratio ended up varying depending on the origin of atmospheric aerosols generated. The average absolute content of elemental constituents reached its height in CB, the ratio of anthropogenically originating elements (PE) among the all elements (AE) analyzed marked a high in CP, and Mg+Na/AE reached its height in the oceanic airflow (OA). At the same time, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations, the ratio of PM2.5/TSP and PE/AE element ratio ran higher in CP than CB. Episodes of large-scale transport of atmospheric pollutants as observed at Cheongwon were 8 cases and 22 days. The ratios of PM10, PM2.5 among TSP mass concentrations showed different results and the ratios of PM2.5 showed an increasing trend in the episodes of anthropogenic air pollution transport. Overall, dustfall episodes show a level of elemental constituents higher than those of anthropogenic air pollution.Dustfall episodes were observed to contain more of Fe, Al and Ca originating from continental soils and those of air pollution were observed to contain more of Zn, Mn, Cu and Pb. By difference in contents of absolute elemental constituents, episodes of anthropogenic air pollution showed a high PE/AE rate, and dustfall episodes a high SE/AE rate.