• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2016

Animal glue is a traditional material used extensively as adhesive and binder in mother-of-pearl, wooden structure, traditional painting, etc. Analysis of animal glue is usually performed with IR(infrared spectroscopy) based on the IR absorption of functional group. But, it has a limitation in confirming animal glue when a sample consists of several materials because of overlapping of the absorption band. Py/GC/MS(pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) is a useful tool in analyzing the constituent of polymeric materials like animal glue by identifying their pyrolysate with very small amount of sample. In this study, confirmation of animal glue in a Dancheong sample was tried with this method. Characteristic pyrolytic compounds of animal glue and tung oil used in Dancheong were identified. Dancheong sample painted with Noerok as a coloring material, animal glue and tung oil was prepared and it was possible to find characteristic peaks of animal glue after thermal degradation and artificial weathering experiment. From this, we found that animal glue can be detected using py/GC/MS in cultural heritage samples consisting of several materials and in different condition. IR was also tried to analyze Dancheong sample and the results were compared with those of py/GC/MS for the detection of animal glue.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 2018

Objective: D-galactose (D-gal) is well-known agent to induce aging process. In the present study, we selected crocin, the main constituent of Crocus sativus L. (saffron), against D-gal- induced cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: Pretreated cells with crocin ($25-500{\mu}M$, 24 h) were exposed to D-gal (25-400 mM, 48 h). The MTT assay was used for determination cell viability. Dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay (DCF-DA) and senescence associated ${\beta}$-galactosidase staining assay (SA-${\beta}$-gal) were used to evaluate the generation of reactive oxygen species and beta-galactosidase as an aging marker, respectively. Also advanced glycation end products (AGEs) expression which is known as the main mechanism of age-related diseases was measured by western blot analysis. Results: The findings of our study showed that treatment of cells with D-gal (25-400 mM) for 48h decreased cell viability concentration dependency. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels which are known as main factors in age-related diseases increased from $100{\pm}8%$ in control group to $132{\pm}22%$ in D-gal (200 mM) treated cells for 48h. The cytotoxic effects of D-gal decreased with 24h crocin pretreatment of cells. The cell viability at concentrations of $100{\mu}M$, $200{\mu}M$ and $500{\mu}M$ increased and ROS production decreased at concentrations of 200 and $500{\mu}M$ to $111.5{\pm}6%$ and $108{\pm}5%$, respectively. Also lysosomal biomarker of aging and carboxymethyl lysine (CML) expression as an AGE protein, significantly increased in D-gal 200 mM group after 48h incubation compare to control group. Pre-treatment of SHSY-5Y cells with crocin ($500{\mu}M$) before adding D-gal significantly reduced aging marker and CML formation. Conclusion: Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with crocin before adding of D-gal restored aging effects of D-gal concentration dependency. These findings indicate that crocin has potent anti- aging effects through inhibition of AGEs and ROS production.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.150-159
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• 2011

The need of securing the stability and extending service lives by efficient maintenance of deteriorated tunnels for several decades has been increased. The stability and the usability of conventional tunnels can be decreased by change of physical properties of the surrounding ground, geometrical properties of the tunnel, an underground water level, environmental conditions, oxidation of lining and the breakdown of constituent materials. In respect of a long-term view, it is need to check all sorts of degradation, the degree of damage and durability to improve the serviceability and to come up with measures to maintain effectively. This paper is about study to analyze the stability of conventional tunnels(American Steel Support Method. ASSM). Three tunnels are chosen in those built in the 1930s and 1960s and the locations of tunnels are selected variously(ChungCheong, GyungBuk, GangWon, Jeolla, etc.) to secure reliability of this study. The state of repair and reinforcement of linings, cracks, and thickness and strength of lining of conventional tunnels in service are researched, compared and analyzed. The crack gauge, the GPR, the schmitt hammer was used for the crack investigation, cavitation, the strength respectively. By using these, the comparative analysis for conventional tunnels was conducted. As a result, there are more cracks in tunnels built in the 1930s than those of tunnels built in the 1960s, and lining strength of the 1930s is higher than those of the 1960s. The thickness of lining in tunnels built in the 1960s is higher than those in tunnels built in the 1930s. In proportion to thickness, cavitation occurred more frequently in tunnels built in the 1960s compared to those in tunnels built in the 1930s.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.438-444
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is screening of microfloras involved in hydrolysis of sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) and sea mustard ( Undaria pinnatifida), This is a part of studies on the hydrolysis of seaweed using microorganisms. General process is difficult to extract of the useful constituent parts as intercellular mucilage, storage polysaccharide and mineral from seafood. It was screening to thirty-three microflora samples as destructed of tissue in sea tangle and sea mustard to about two hundred microflora samples from mountain, rice field, dry field, sea, seaside and fish market etc. in the neighborhood of Yeosu. Sufficient results of the naked eye observation were obtained at eight microflora samples as a feces of bull, a decayed pine tree, a soil of dry field, the mud of the banks in a rice Held, the water of a ditch in a rice Held, the weed of the banks in a rice field, the water in a rice field and leaved in the air, And the value of chemical analysis of the sample is much better in comparison with control. Accordingly, the hydrolysis of seaweed using microorganisms in the inside of these microflora samples can possibility.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.122-146
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• 2010

This purpose of this study is to analyze the causal relation among constituent concepts and verify the relation among internal marketing, service quality and customer satisfaction in shipping companies. To achieve the goal of this study, the author studied literatures on internal marketing, service quality and customer satisfaction, and carried out a survey targeting people working for shipping companies and international logistics freight forwarders to make an empirical analysis. The results are as follows. It was confirmed that education and training, reward system, empowerment among internal marketing elements of a shipping company have a positive effect on the service quality and customer satisfaction of the shipping company, and the service quality of a shipping company also has a positive effect on customer satisfaction. As it can be known from these results, it would be necessary to concentrate on internal marketing of a shipping company in order to increase service quality and customer satisfaction.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.241-251
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• 2018

This study was based on the experience of dental hygienists' role conflict, and attempted to grasp the nature of the dental hygienist role conflict factor, constituent factor and coping. Giorgi's phenomenological method was used to analyze data collected through in-depth interviews with nine dental hygienists working in a dental clinic. The analysis revealed three central meanings: task scope, role conflicts, and role conflict management style and limitations. In the first category, task scope, the range of the legal scope, and the duties performed by the dental hygienist differed slightly. The second category included role conflict due to interpersonal relationship, work, work environment, competence, and identity as a professional because of role conflict. The third category included the role conflict management style and limitations. Dental hygienists tried to solve the role conflict situation through various efforts. In the face of the reality that the conflict is not solved despite such efforts, the dental hygienists felt the limitation and chose to leave. Dental hygienists are dissatisfied with their roles because of confusion regarding professional values and lack of awareness of the professional workforce due to differences between legal scope and actual practice. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to develop a tool to quantitatively measure the level of role conflict in dental hygienists and to conduct follow-up studies on the effects of coping strategies by role conflict situations.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.117-146
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• 2007

The research reported in this paper suggests an index of a 'good job' and validates it in several different ways. Not much is known yet, it is emphasized, about what the defining characteristics of a good job are and what the causes and major consequences are resulting from the attainment of such job. This is not merely because relatively little attention has been paid to construct a usable index, but also because a few studies, if any, were often plagued with several limitations, some theoretical and other analytical. As a consequence, fragmented speculations and research findings tended to flourish in the shortage of an overarching conceptualization and rigorous empirical assessment. In particular, a comprehensive index that encompasses a few critical job characteristics based on some solid theoretical underpinnings was in thirsty want. To relieve this want, the current study tries to formulate such index and validate it. A covariance structure analysis of representative national sample survey (Korean General Social Survey) data in South Korea indicates that wage, occupational prestige, authority and job security are the defining characteristics of a good job and that the index consisting of these characteristics is generally valid with respect to its constituent attributes, antecedents and a consequence, thereby supporting its discriminant-convergent and construct validities. The findings are interpreted with providing a few substantive implications stemming from them.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.20 no.1 s.25
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• pp.33-59
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• 2006

This study is intended to reconsider the meaning of the education for gifted/talented children, the foundation object of science high school by examining the behavior characteristics between gifted students and talented students in open-end mathematical problem solving and to provide the basis for realization of 'meaningful teaming' tailored to the learner's level, the essential of school education. For the study, 8 students (4 gifted students and 4 talented students) were selected out of the 1 st grade students in science high school through the distinction procedure of 3 steps and the behavior characteristics between these two groups were analyzed according to the basis established through the literature survey. As the results of this study, the following were founded. (1) It must be recognized that the constituent members of science high school were not the same excellent group and divided into the two groups, gifted students who showed excellence in overall field of mathematical behavior characteristics and talented students who had excellence in learning ability of mathematics. (2) The behavior characteristics between gifted students and talented students, members of science high school is understood and a curriculum of science high school must include a lesson for improving the creativity as the educational institutions for gifted/talented students, unlike general high school. Based on these results, it is necessary to try to find a support plan that it reduces the case which gifted students are generalized with common talented students by the same curriculum and induces the meaningful loaming to learners, the essential of school education.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.8-15
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate changes of the lipid contents and the fatty acid composition in shank during heating time and frozen storage. 1. The total lipid contents of raw shank were about 3.57% and decreased stepwise during heating time 30, 60, 90 min and frozen storage(24hrs) The contents of neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid were 70.71%, 6.36%, and 22.93% in raw shank, and neutral lipid contents were decreased, whereas Phospholipid contents were increased according to heating tide. In frozen storage, neutral lipid and glycolipid contents were increased, while phospholipid contents were decreased. 2. Lipids of shank possessed about 8 kinds of fatty acid as the constituent by gas-liquid chromatography analysis. The main fatty acids were oleic acid, palmitic acistearic acid and linoleic acid: the fatty acids of total lipids in raw shank were 43.48% of oleic acid, 23.13% of palmitic acid,12.00% of stearic acid and 6.75% of linoleic acid. Also the fatty acids were 43.32% of oleic acid, 23.26% of palmitic acid, 9.30% of stearic acid 2.15% of linoleic acid in neutral lipid, 22.63% of oleic acid, 8.44% of palmitic acid, 11.98% of stearic acid, 27.01% of linoleic acidin glycolipid, 39.38% of oleic acid, 15.89% of palmitic acid, 15.55% of stearic acid, 17.49% of linoleic acid in phospholipid. 3. The fatty acid pattern of total lipid, neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid was not any changes, whereas there was a difference in the fatty acid contents: palmitic acid and stearic acid of total lipid were decreased in the 30 min and 60 min heating but increased in 90min heating, and linoleic acid of neutral lipid was increased stepwise during heating time and frozen storage. Also palmiict acid of glycolipid was increased gradually and linoleic acid in heating time 30, 60 min was higher than 90 min and frozen storage. Among fatty acids in phoapholipid, oleic acid was increased during heating time, while decreased in frozen storage, and linoleic acid was not any change but linolanic acid was increased. UFA/SFA of phospholipid was the highest when heating time was 60 min. From above results, it was found that when heating time was 60 min beneficial nutritionally, comparing with changes of fatty acid composition according to the heating time aid frozen storage.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.973-982
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• 2017

Gastrodia elata Blume often has been used for the treatment of headaches, convulsions, hypertension, and neurodegenerative diseases. The main active constituents are gastrodin, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, vanillyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzylaldehyde and parishin A, B, C and E. Because Gastrodia elata has also unacceptable off-odor (swine barnyard-like) for food, there is a need to reduce it as well as allow for greater utilization as a functional food materials. In this study, a major off-odor producing substance of Gastrodia elata was fractionated by steam distillation and silica gel column chromatography. The substance was identified as p-cresol(4-methyl phenol) by GC-MS analysis and comparison of the retention time with that of an authentic compound in GC. The content of p-cresol in fermented Gastrodia elata was decreased. A fermented sample of Latobacillus sakei for 2 days was reduced to 54.7%, when compared with a unfermented sample. The five parishin derivatives in Gastrodia elata were identified by HPLC-MS analyses, and a comparison of HPLC retention times with those of authentic compounds. When compared with parishin derivatives of an unfermented Gastrodia elata, those of Gastrodia elata fermented by L. sakei, increased to 18.3% for 2 days. Increases of about 14.0~38.4% of the total phenolic compounds and 57.4~77.3% total flavonoids were found in fermented extracts, by 3 lactic acid bacteria strains. They were compared with $97.1{\pm}2.9{\mu}g/g$ and $40.9{\pm}2.0{\mu}g/g$ in the unfermented control, respectively. The extracts of Gastrodia elata Blume that were fermented by lactic acid bacteria had higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity and FRAP reducing power than the unfermented control.