• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2015

This study defined and classified no-net-loss-of-greenness (NNLG) based on the law, and then assessed the NNLG index by metropolitan cities and provinces in Korea after estimating NNLG evaluation indicators for the introduction of NNLG for health improvement of urban ecosystems. The results are as follows. First, NNLG was the comprehensive meaning that was included in the greenbelt and park greenbelt and the green area which was defined by the Act on Urban Parks, Greenbelts, etc. and the National Land Planning and Utilization Act respectively. Second, NNLG was classified as a park greenbelt which was included urban parks and greenbelts such as buffer greenbelts, scenic greenbelts, and connecting greenbelts, green areas which was included in green conservation areas, green production areas, green natural areas, and green coverage which is included forests, grasslands, and wetlands that were occupied by vegetation such as trees, shrubs, and plants. Third, NNLG index by cities and provinces was assessed based on the estimation of NNLG evaluation indicators, which included parks and greenbelt areas per capita, green areas per capita, green coverage per capita, ratio of parks and greenbelts, ratio of green areas, and ratio of green coverage. As a result, Sejong city got the highest point of NNLG index and Seoul and Daegu got lowest points of NNLG index among metropolitan cities in Korea. Chungbuk got the highest point of NNLG index and Kyonggi and Jeju got lowest points of NNLG index among provinces in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.17-31
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to carry out a comprehensive assessment of Donjibong Park in Daegu and establish a master plan for green space considering the functional characteristics of the park. For this purpose, green space in the park was assessed based on 13 indicators using three functions. A comprehensive green master plan was then proposed. Green spaces with high scores for the natural-ecological and environmental-control functions were found in the central area of the park, whereas green spaces with low scores were found near the park boundary and paved areas. Green spaces in the southeast were found to have a high score for usage functions due to their proximity to a residential area. In the master plan based on the comprehensive assessment, the plan space was divided into a conservation area, restoration area, buffer area, environmental monitoring area, observatory/trail/facility area, and waterside green space area. Also, concrete plan directions were proposed based on each plan space. These results can be utilized for establishing objective plans in the future construction of new parks.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2020

This study aims to elicit criteria regarding reassessment and designation of linear scenic sites henceforth. The results are as follows; First, based on the documents from the Cultural Properties Protection Committee of Korea, 23 out of 113 scenic sites in Korea were drawn, and their linear characteristics were categorized into four types including valleys, paths, rivers, and ridges. The linear scenic sites provide certain features in terms of sequence and direction, which results in the similar utilization among the sites which share the linear similarity. Second, the 23 sites mentioned above were intensely examined on the basis of six criteria for linear scenic sites through FGI, focus group interview. The criteria consist of six elements involving core resource(12), lot number(8), unclear(8), management path(5), ridge(4), basin(3). Third, the Cultural Heritage Administration has prioritized core resource since 2010, when designating a scenic site, whereas it tended to consider lot number as priority prior to 2010. It is thought that the authority gave consideration to issues related to private ownership of property in the scenic sites and the purpose of designation. Fourth, scenic sites are generally designated in accordance with the boundary of core resource, and in most cases, there are buffer zones alongside the core resource.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-78
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• 1998

Nowadays, there are increasing demands of golf courses and it is necessary to make more golf courses than the present. To do this, we need to improve the environmental problems with the regional inhabitants, and it is said that the first thing to be considered in developing any golf course in Korea is to preserve the environment. In this context, the purpose of this study is to set forth several design factors to lessen the negative impacts which are accompanied with the development of golf courses. 1. The present conditions of golf courses in Korea Many new golf courses have come into being, particularly since the late 1980s, and now, in the year of 1997, over one hundred of golf courses are doing their business, yet the number of golf course is still less than required. So far, over a half of them have been made in the vicinity of Seoul on account of various reasons, and this has adversely affected on our natural environment. This unreasonable development of golf courses has caused serious water pollution, landslides and the other problems. Also, the topography of Korea is not good for golf courses. Although the demands of golf courses are increasing, the suitable sites for them are very limited, and therefore it is sometimes unavoidable to make golf courses on steep hills. Consequently, in designing golf courses in Korea, the most important thing is the balance between natural environment and artificial environment. 2.Eco-friendly golf course design factors 1) The concept of eco-friendly golf courses Ecologically sustainable and sound golf courses which are made by eco-friendly approaches 2)Basic conditions of eco-friendly golf courses (1)The most suitable sites (2) Conservation of existing ground as much as possible (3)Proper use of agricultural chemicals which have great impacts on the environment (4) Reasonable use of fertilizers (5) Developing a specialized fertilizer only for grass (6) Adaptation of organic agriculture (7) Improvement of grass sorts (8) Establishing reservoirs for purifying the water from golf courses 3) Eco-friendly golf courses (1) Location-Enough area /Gentle slope/Winding ground/Including lakes or streams /Not crossing wind's main direction Facing south or southeast /Suitable soIl for grass /Good drainage /Low level of underground water (2)Course layout and design -Consideration about existing contours as much as possible -Adaptation of Scotish design trend -Various holes' configuration -Consideration toward surrounding landscapes -Reducing grass areas -Giving buffer zones -Adapting computer methods in the process of site analysis and design (3) Eco-friendly considerations in constructing and managing golf courses -Protection of wildlife -Reuse of existing forests and preservation of topsoil -Renovation of old-fashioned courses -Reducing grass areas -Purification of water -Standization of management -Strict regulations against chemicals -Recycling organic materials -Through separation of the water inside golf courses and out of bounds -Getting proper construction works done in a due time 4.Eco-friendly considerations from a viewpoint of cultural environment 1) Well-matched landscape design and events planning 2) Implement of identifications and awarding systerns 3)Acknowledgement of superintendents' qualitications in the maintenance of golf courses 4)Increasing public golf courses and keeping good relationships with the neighbors near golf courses Key words: Pro-environmental development, Golf course.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.40-48
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• 2021

The paper dealt with the fact that the green deal took place when the demand for electrical energy surged. However, the procurement of electric vehicles and much of the electric energy of the future still depends on fossil fuels. Accordingly, the importance of the IT industry is highlighted, and the demand for hydrogen-electric vehicles and related industries increases. The method of this study investigated the relevance of EV charging as a future next-generation power source rather than the electric energy demand of the IT industry. This study derives the correlation between industrial electricity and household energy PPP according to economic growth through empirical regression analysis. As the result, it was found that the amount of change, including electric and next-generation electric vehicles, was significant for on thirds of the countries in the change in purchasing power compared to GDP. This affects overall purchasing power as twelve out of thirty two countries with EV demand (Italy, Canada, Switzerland, Poland, Slovenia, Germany, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic, Estonia, Denmark) are more sensitive to electric energy. This is related to the charging of EVs or hydrogen as the next-generation power of the future rather than the electric energy demand of the IT industry. By preventing waste of unused electricity of IT-electric energy sources and charging-preserving hydrogen electricity, it seems indispensable to prepare for the national IT power conservation buffer facility for supply and demand in future growth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2023

Korea's natural parks are managed by dividing them into four use districts: nature preservation district, natural environment district, cultural heritage district, and park village district within the park under the goal of 'conservation and sustainable use of natural parks'. However, the use districts divided in this way are designated by reflecting the results derived from the simple drawing overlapping method, and there is a limit in that objective and scientific evidence for this is insufficient. In addition, in Taeanhaean National Park, the case of this study, only a very small area of less than 1% of the nature preservation district is designated, and the natural environment district that serves as a buffer space is designated on an excessively wide scale, making it difficult to efficiently manage the national park. Therefore, the use district is not fulfilling its role. In this study, the purpose of this study was to present a method for analyzing the spatial characteristics of natural parks using environmental indicators and unsupervised learning analysis methods to set the use districts of natural parks. In this study, evaluation indicators that can evaluate the natural and human environments were derived, and the distribution patterns for each indicator were analyzed. Afterwards, by applying Self-Organizing Map (SOM) analysis, one of the unsupervised learning analysis methods, districts with similar characteristics were derived in Taeanhaean National Park, and the characteristics of each district were analyzed. As a result of the study, 7 districts with different characteristics were derived in Taeanhaean National Park, and by examining the contribution of each indicator together, it was possible to reveal that each district had different representative characteristics even though it was an adjacent area. This study evaluated natural parks by comprehensively considering the indicators of the natural and human environments. In addition, the SOM method used in the study is meaningful in that it can provide scientific and objective grounds for the existing zoning and apply it to the management plan.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.403-409
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• 2000

The formation and dissociation rates of $Zn^{2+}$ Complexes with l,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16-diox-acyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetic acid (1), 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16- dioxacyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetramethylacetic acid (2), and 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16- dioxacyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetrapropionic acid(3) have been measured by stopped-flow and conventional spectrophotometry. Observations were made at 25.0$\pm$0.1 $^{\circ}C$ and at an ionic strength of 0.10 M NaClO$_4$. The formation reactions of $Zn^{2+}$ ion with 1 and 2 took place by the rapid formation of an intermediate complex (ZnH$_3L^+$) in which the $Zn^{2+}$ ion is incompletely coor-dinated. This might then lead to be a final product in the rate-determining step.ln the pH range 4.76-5.76, the diprotonated (H2L2-) form is the kinetically active species despite of its low concentration. The stability con-stants (log$K_{(ZnH$_3$3$L^+$)}$) and specific water-assisted rate constants (koH) of intermediate complexes have been deter-mined from the kinetic data. The dissociation reactions of $Zn^{2+}$ complexes of 1,2, and 3 were investigated with $Cu^{2+}$ ions as a scavenger in acetate buffer. All complexes exhibit acid-independent and acid-catalyzed con-tributions. The effect of buffer and $Cu^{2+}$ concentration on the dissociation rate has also been investigated. The ligand effect on t dissociation rate of $Zn^{2+}$ complexes is discussed in terms of the side-pendant armsand the chelate ring sizes of the ligands.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.327-341
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• 2021

The riparian eco-belt is an efficient technique that can reduce non-point pollution sources in the basin and improve ecological connectivity and health. In Korea, a legal system for the construction and management of riparian eco-belts is in operation. However, it is currently excluded that rivers and floodplains in dam reservoir that are advantageous for buffer functions such as control of non-point pollutants and ecological habitats. Accordingly, this study presented and analyzed a plan to select a site for an integrated riparian ecol-belt that comprehensively evaluates the water quality and ecosystem characteristics of each dam floodplain and riparian zone for the Daecheong Dam basin in Geum River watershed. First, the Daecheong Dam basin was divided into 138 sub-basin with GIS, and the riparian zone adjacent to the dam floodplain was analyzed. Sixteen evaluation factors related to the ecosystem and water quality impact that affect the selection of integrated riparian eco-belt were decided, and weights for the importance of each factor were set through AHP analysis. The priority of site suitability was derived by conducting an integrated evaluation by applying weights to sub-basin by floodplains and riparian zone factors. In order to determine whether the sites derived through GIS site analysis are sutiable for actual implementation, five sites were inspected according to three factors: land use, pollution sources, and ecological connectivity. As a result, it was confirmed that all sites were appropriate to apply integrated riparian ecol-belt. It is judged that the riparian eco-belt site analysis technique proposed through this study can be applied as a useful tool when establishing an integrated riparian zone management policy in the future. However, it might be necessary to experiment various evaluation factors and weights for each item according to the characteristics and issues of each dam. Additional research need to be conducted on elaborated conservation and restoration strategies considering the Green-Blue Network aspect, evaluation of ecosystem services, and interconnection between related laws and policy and its improvements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.60-68
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• 2008

Three land-use limitations including water hazard, soil erosion and fallow potential were evaluated to define an unfair area. Landscape indices in the unfair areas, defined by evaluations before and after landscape enhancement, were computed by Fragstats v3.3 and compared in order to propose a landscape enhancement plan. The results are as follows: First, as a result of the land evaluation, 388.56ha was analyzed for the 1st class(S1), 623.25ha for the 2nd class(S2), 138.08ha(S3s: 82.47ha, S3e: 51.88ha) for the 3rd class(S3), 230.44ha(N1w: 194.91ha, N1e: 23.09ha, N1es: 13.94ha) for the 4th class(N1), and 67.91ha(N2w: 60. 89ha, N2es: 7.02ha) for the 5th class(N2). The classes under the 3rd class(including the 3rd class) were determined as an unfair area, and proposed landscape enhancement for them. Second, it was proposed that unfair areas with potential water hazards(N1 w, N2w) be restored as a wetland and buffer zone. At this point, the farmers owning these fields could be compensated using the direct payment for landscape conservation(DPLC). Areas witha relatively lower slope(S3e) or a steep slope(N1e) containing soil erodibility potential were proposed to be restored as a sod-culture-applied field and substitute vegetation or potentially natural vegetation, respectively. The unfair areas having fallow potential(S3s, N1es, N2es) were proposed to apply special use crops for the S3s fields, native plants for the N1es fields, and intended fallow for the N2es fields. Third, after landscape enhancement, theforest had higher values in the indices of NP, PLAND, LSI, IJI, and TCA, while paddy and upland had lower values in most indices except NP and LSI. The forest patches increased and were more plentiful with their restoration and had much greater possibility to join with nearby patches. With continued restoration, forest patches will have a large core area and small number of patches due to the conglomeration of patches, which positively influences the species of diversity in the forest patches.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.31-55
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• 2005

Dangsan forests and Rural Community Forests(RCF) have been historical assets for the rural communities of more than 40,000 in Korea and they have provided an identity through the cultural heritage. The Dangsan forests and the RCF are parts of a unique cultural landscape in the rural areas as components of stream landscape. In many cases, the Dangsan forests and the RCF are located close to stream corridors. The objective of this study was to understand the function of the Dangsan forests and the RCF on stream water quality and to evaluate its ecological landscape values. Through the consideration of international concensus and domestic government policy for close-to-nature stream, we could find out that Dangsan forests and RCF's have close relationship with the close-to-nature streams. The water quality of the streams close to the Dangsan forests and the RCF are maintained with local culture. It is also compared to the streams located where Dangsan forests and the RCF are absent. Eight study sites were selected. Water samples were collected at three different locations at each study site. Water samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, total P, total N, dissolved oxygen, EC, BOD, COD and SS. Aquatic invertebrates were observed as water quality indicator species. The results showed that the number of aquatic invertebrate species, GPI, DO, EC, BOD, and SS were significantly improved in stream water due to the presence of the Dangsan forests and the RCF. The role of Dangsan forests and the RCF was evident in the conservation of stream landscape and rural culture as well as in maintaining stream water quality. The management schemes of the streams with Dangsan forests and the RCF's are also suggested.