• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.235-245
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• 2023

Smart applications based on the Network of Everything also known as Internet of Everything (IoE) are increasing popularity as network connectivity requires rise further. As a result, there will be a greater need for developing 6G technologies for wireless communications in order to overcome the primary limitations of visible 5G networks. Furthermore, implementing neural networks into 6G will bring remedies for the most complex optimizing networks challenges. Future 6G mobile phone networks must handle huge applications that require data and an increasing amount of users. With a ten-year time skyline from thought to the real world, it is presently time for pondering what 6th era (6G) remote correspondence will be just before 5G application. In this article, we talk about 6G dreams to clear the street for the headway of 6G and then some. We start with the conversation of imaginative 5G organizations and afterward underline the need of exploring 6G. Treating proceeding and impending remote organization improvement in a serious way, we expect 6G to contain three critical components: cell phones super broadband, very The Web of Things (or IoT and falsely clever (artificial intelligence). The 6G project is currently in its early phases, and people everywhere must envision and come up with its conceptualization, realization, implementation, and use cases. To that aim, this article presents an environment for Presented Distributed Artificial Intelligence as-a-Services (DAIaaS) supplying in IoE and 6G applications. The case histories and the DAIaaS architecture have been evaluated in terms of from end to end latency and bandwidth consumption, use of energy, and cost savings, with suggestion to improve efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.365-373
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• 2014

This study is to analyze the physical environment and conduct spatial data for bicycle road system in changwon. Index for evaluation index was developed based on literatures. Then the level of importance and weight have been modified through experts review. Finally, index with eight categories such as greenness(40% over), bicycle road connectivity(1.8, 9.8%), road type bike(bicycle lane, 24.4%), pave type(asphalt 72.5%), illegal parking(none, 93.9%), bike road surface visibility(exist, 46.8%), vehicle speed limits(30km, under), vehicle traffic(500/hr under, 44.3%) have been applied to empirical investigation. Collected data has been hierarchically classification by ArcGIS Program. The Highest grades(score 31-35, level 1) occupied 35% of target destination. High level of greenness and load type has contributed to high score. In addition, average level of greenness of those destination was 35% and higher, which provide high degree of security and freshness for bicycle riding. Meanwhile, lowest level(level 5, which earned 15 point or less) occupied 24.5%. illegal parking, low level of greenness, and no surface sign caused low score.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to suggest the improvement of the Mountainous Landscape Impact Review(MLIR) system for the conservation and eco-friendly use of mountain scenery. In order to understand the status of the MLIR system, a comparative analysis was conducted of the MLIR official guidelines and the 100 MLIR reports submitted to the Korea Forest Service from 2011 to 2013. In addition, an Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA) was conducted to take into account stakeholder opinions and to determine the first priorities to be improved upon in operation and functions of the MLIR system. The results of the IPA in evaluating the MLIR system showed that the components in the MLIR system that should be primarily improved are mountainous landscape resource inventory, objective and quantitative selection of viewpoints, and a checklist for examining the damage expected in mountainous lands. To Revitalize the Mountainous Landscape Impact Review system, the professional knowledge and experience of the stakeholders should be enhanced by education and training in the MLIR system over the short-term, while the effective functioning of the MLIR system should be reinforced by differentiation and connectivity of the MLIR system with similar institutions, and by emphasizing the uniqueness and properties of mountainous landscapes over the long-term.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.82-90
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• 2013

An Optical Network-on-Chip(ONoC) based on silicon photonics is one of promising technology for next generation exascale computing architectures. Recent active researches on ONoC focus on improving bandwidth further and avoiding path collisions by using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). However, the number of wavelengths used for the WDM increases linearly as the number of Processing Element (PE) increases in existing ONoCs which adopt centralized routing architecture. The problem will also arises growing cost of optical devices such as light switches and light sources and limits the scalability of ONoC due to the sinal loss caused by interference of distinct light sources. In this paper, we proposes a distributed routing architecture for ONoC which is based on 2D-mesh structure using WDM technique and present a method that minimize the required number of wavelengths exploiting the connectivity of communication. In comparison with existing centralized routing architectures, results show reduction by 56% of the number of wavelengths and 21% of the number of optical switches in $8{\times}8$ networks.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.2201-2211
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• 2015

In Korea, several design competition have been conducted to revitalize the cultural function of some areas using under-used space. However, though such sites include public and urban assets inherently, these projects defined their boundary as an isolated architectural or landscape design. Hence, this study will clarify the differentiated design content and process for public regeneration of under-used space through analysis of the case-study. For this purpose, firstly, the public and urban assets of under-used space will be analyzed to prove that it should be handled with wider boundaries and perspectives. And then, this study will reveal the limitation of design contents and process of Korean design competitions linking to the regeneration of under-used space after analyzing several case studies. Lastly, some differentiated design inducements conducted by the City of Oslo for the each regeneration plan of under-used space will be deducted, focusing on the fact that those projects have been implemented in more urban and connected ways. As a result, this study is strongly aiming to insist that the revitalization of under-used space should not be implemented by advertising a poetic symbolism. Instead, it must be an practical integrated plan emphasizing the connectivity with surrounding environment and diverse plan.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.57-64
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• 2020

Construction management performs a variety of tasks, and the buildup of the WBS and OBS is one of the core tasks. However, the practical utilization of WBS and OBS is low in the current construction management work. In this study, we conducted a survey of related experts to analyze the understanding, utilization level, application effect, and connectivity of WBS and OBS. As a result, it was identify that the standardization and linkage of WBS and OBS should be secured so that the construction manager (CMr) could apply it. Therefore, we extracted management control factors through expert in-depth interviews and workshops and conducted AHP importance analysis. Analysis results of importance shows that there is a high importance of strengthening the link between WBS and OBS and updating OBS due to changes in WBS. The results presented are not direct solutions, but are expected to provide a standard for construction managers to consider.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.936-944
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• 2019

Submarines, which have been called an invisible force, are strategic underwater weapon systems that perform missions such as anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, and high payoff target strikes with the advantage of underwater covertness. A submarine should be able to withstand the hydrostatic pressure of the deep sea. In this respect, the submarine pressure hull, as the main structural system to resist the external pressure corresponding to the submerged depth, should ensure the survivability from hazards and threats such as leakage, fires, shock, explosion, etc. To do this, the initial scantling of the submarine pressure hull must be calculated appropriately in the concept design phase. The shape of the aft transition ring varies according to its connection with the submarine aft end conical structure, pressure hull cylindrical part, and non-pressure hull of the submarine; the design of the aft transition ring should not only take into account stress flow and connectivity but also the cost increase due to the increased man-hours of its complex geometry. Therefore, trade-off studies based on the four different shapes of the aft transition ring are carried out considering both the review of the structural strength through nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) and economic feasibility by reviewing the estimations of the manufacturing working days and material costs. Finally, the most rational structural aft transition ring shape for a submarine amongst four reviewed types was proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2010

Recreation forests are in the spotlight as the place for personality development, mind and body comfort, companionship, and environment education in forests and valleys. Visitors to recreation forests have been on the increase along with booming in recreation forest building since 1988. Recreation forests are being categorized according to some features such as regional and environmental condition. Recreation forests, however, have not met the expectations of some visitors who want to take a rest with calmness due to the influence of the 5-day-work-week system, increasing interest in rest, leisure, and well-being, and users converge during weekends, summer, and the tourist season. In order to improve visitors' satisfaction efficiently, this study surveyed the level of satisfaction in each cluster based on the precedent study which had classified 85 national or public recreation forests in Korea into clusters. Questionnaires were distributed properly to each cluster and, of the 1,132 questionnaires collected, 1,015 were valid and used for analysis. Reliability of questionnaires and statistical validity of the model were verified. As a result, there are meaningful differences in the ranking of independent variables which affect the level of satisfaction according to clusters. Variables in rest and fatigue recovery have the strongest influence on the level of satisfaction in the clusters of potential factor, internal activation factor, and mixed potential capacity factor. In the use performance and visiting condition factor cluster, appropriateness of visit cost is most influential and, in the education cluster, connectivity with tourist attractions around it is most affective. These results can provide priority in services and maintenance of recreation forests for improving the level of satisfaction and differentiate the distribution of resources according to clusters.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.40-55
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• 2015

This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the forest experience center for children led by the local community as experiential management for forest kindergarten education. For this, an importance and performance analysis was conducted on the forest experience center for children in Geumcheon-gu, which, of the 12 forest experience center for kids in Seoul, is the only one led by the local community. The questionnaire sheet for the analysis consisted of a total of 36 questions, 20 about place facility areas and 16 about management program areas(including 6 questions about the management led by the local community). The questionnaire survey was done during the period between January 12th and January 19th, 2015. The participants in the survey consisted of 15 forest education specialists and 50 teachers from 19 kindergartens who participated in the forest experience program. The number of questionnaire sheets collected and used for analysis was 13 copies and 43 copies, respectively. The mean values of importance and performance on the place facility areas were 4.07 and 3.78 for forest education specialists, and 4.16 and 3.84 for kindergarten teachers, respectively. The mean values of importance and performance regarding the management program area were 4.38 and 4.16 for forest education specialists, and 4.40 and 4.00 for kindergarten teachers, respectively. Both groups evaluated the place facility areas lower than the management program areas. They also evaluated performance lower than importance. In place facility area, 'accessibility', 'safety' and 'connectivity to forest trail', 'loose parts' and 'safety facilities' were required to 'keep up the good work', because they showed higher importance and performance in place facility areas. Even though most items of management as led by the local community including 'forest experience activity support' were evaluated as 'important', some, including 'effort for local revitalization', were evaluated as low in performance. However, as they were evaluated as higher in importance, if they pursue 'concentrate here', it is expected that they will be evaluated as higher in performance. In addition, considering that program areas including 'forest education specialist's role' are labeled under the management led by the local community, it reflected a positive evaluation. As a result, management led by the local community is efficient as a management system for the forest experience center for children in an experiential forest kindergarten education. Going forward, if this management system is durable in 'keep up the good work' and 'concentrate here', the forest experience center for children led by the local community will be an alternative for an effective experiential forest kindergarten education.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 2021

Modern society is becoming more informed and intelligent with the development of digital technology, in which humans, objects, and networks relate with each other. In accordance with the changing times, a garden system has emerged that makes it easy to supply the ideal temperature, humidity, sunlight, and moisture conditions to grow plants. Therefore, this study attempted to grasp the concept, perception, and trends of smart gardens, a recent concept. To achieve the purpose of this study, previous studies and text mining were used, and the results are as follows. First, the core characteristics of smart gardens are new gardens in which IoT technology and gardening techniques are fused in indoor and outdoor spaces due to technological developments and changes in people's lifestyles. As technology advances and the importance of the environment increases, smart gardens are becoming a reality due to the need for living spaces where humans and nature can co-exist. With the advent of smart gardens, it will be possible to contribute to gardens' vitalization to deal with changes in garden-related industries and people's lifestyles. Second, in current research related to smart gardens and users' experiences, the technical aspects of smart gardens are the most interesting. People value smart garden functions and technical aspects that enable a safe, comfortable, and convenient life, and subjective uses are emerging depending on individual tastes and the comfort with digital devices. Third, looking at the usage behavior of smart gardens, they are mainly used in indoor spaces, with edible plants are being grown. Due to the growing importance of the environment and concerns about climate change and a possible food crisis, the tendency is to prefer the cultivation of plants related to food, but the expansion of garden functions can satisfying users' needs with various technologies that allow for the growing of flowers. In addition, as users feel the shapes of smart gardens are new and sophisticated, it can be seen that design is an essential factor that helps to satisfy users. Currently, smart gardens are developing in terms of technology. However, the main components of the smart garden are the combination of humans, nature, and technology rather than focusing on growing plants conveniently by simply connecting potted plants and smart devices. It strengthens connectivity with various city services and smart homes. Smart gardens interact with the landscape of the architect's ideas rather than reproducing nature through science and technology. Therefore, it is necessary to have a design that considers the functions of the garden and the needs of users. In addition, by providing citizens indoor and urban parks and public facilities, it is possible to share the functions of communication and gardening among generations targeting those who do not enjoy 'smart' services due to age and bridge the digital device and information gap. Smart gardens have potential as a new landscaping space.