• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2001

Emulsion-type sausages were manufactured to investigate the effects of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard on quality of emulsion-type sausage. Each treatments replaced pork back fat with CLA-sesame oil (CLA-SO), CLA-lard (CLA-LD) and CLA-safflower seed oil (CLA-SSO) were stored during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. The changes in physico-chemical properties, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) and fatty acid composition of each treatments were measured during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. The pH values of all treatments significantly(p<0.05) decreased as storage time increased. Sausage products containing CLA-vegetable oils showed higher pH value than that of CLA-lard among the treatments. Color a*-value of CLA-SSO was higher than that of other treatments. During storage, TBARS values of treatments were significantly (p<0.05) increased, sausage products containing CLA-vegetable oils showed lower (p<0.05) TBARS value than CLA-lard, and TBARS of sausage products containing CLA-SSO was the lowest. This result indicated that CLA concentration in emulsion-type sausage did affect the lipid oxidation stability. Fatty acids composition was changed by addition of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard. All kinds of fatty acids content decreased whereas CLA content extremely increased by replacement of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard. The level of CLA content in CLA-vegetable oils was higher than CLA-lard. It may be concluded that emulsion-type sausage could be manufactured using CLA-vegetable oils as a pork fat substitutor without any negative effects on general components or physico-chemical properties.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.114-118
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• 2000

The inhibitory effects of doenjang extracts and linoleic acid(LA) which was identified as one of the active compounds in doenjang on the growth of human cancer cells were studied, comparing to the actions on normal cells. Methanol extract and hexane fraction from doenjang exhibited the strong growth inhibitory effect on HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells. Inhibitory effects of chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions on the cancer cells were observed, moderately or weakly. When cell counts of SNU-C$_1$human colon carcinoma cells were determined daily for 6 days, the inhibitory effect of hexane fraction on this cell line was higher than that of the methanol extract from doenjang. LA completely suppressed the growth of SNU-C$_1$cells after 4 days, while conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) resulted in 98% inhibition after 6 days. With the addition of LA and other free fatty acids such as stearic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid and ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (${\gamma}$-LnA) to the culture system, the growth of HT-29 cells and SNU-C$_1$cells was greatly suppressed after 6 days. Inhibitory effects of LA ${\gamma}$-LnA on the growth of these cells were stronger than other fatty acids. On the growth of AZ-521 human gastric carcinoma cells, LA and CLA completely cuppressed the growth of the cells after 4 days and 3 days, respectively. At the level of 0.001%~0.01% of LA, there was no cytotoxic effect on normal rat kidney cells and normal intestine human cells. These results showed that LA, a major active compound of doenjang, had strong inhibitory effects on the growth of human cancer cells without damaging normal cells.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.446-458
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative status and quality characteristics of four animal skin-derived fats extracted using an identical extraction method. Pressurized hot water extraction, a green extraction method, was used to extract animal skin fats (duck, chicken, swine, and bovine skin). Multiple experiments were performed during accelerated storage at $60^{\circ}C$ for 90 days. Quality characteristics, such as extraction yield, iodine value (IV), fatty acid composition, and fat viscosity were determined. In addition, indicators for oxidative status, including acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD), and total oxidation (totox) values were evaluated. The fat extraction yield was highest in bovine fat, followed by duck, swine, and chicken fats. The IV was higher in duck and chicken fats. Duck fats contained the most unsaturated fats and the least saturated fats. Fat oxidation indicators, such as PV, TBARS, and totox values, were relatively higher in duck fats during storage compared to the other fats. Other indicators, including AV, p-AV, and CD, were similar in duck, chicken, and swine fats. Viscosity was similar in all the tested fats but markedly increased after 70 days of storage in duck fats. Our data indicate that duck skin fat was more vulnerable to oxidative changes in accelerated storage conditions and this may be due to its higher unsaturated fatty acid content. Supplementation with antioxidants might be a reasonable way to solve the oxidation issue in duck skin fats.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2022

Background: Herbal medicines are popular approaches to capably prevent and treat obesity and its related diseases. Excessive exposure to dietary lipids causes oxidative stress and inflammation, which possibly induces cellular senescence and contribute the damaging effects in brain. The potential roles of selective enhanced ginsenoside in regulating high fat diet (HFD)-induced brain damage remain unknown. Methods: The protection function of Ginsenoside F1-enhanced mixture (SGB121) was evaluated by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Human primary astrocytes and SH-SY5Y cells were treated with palmitic acid conjugated Bovine Serum Albumin, and the effects of SGB121 were determined by MTT and lipid uptake assays. For in vivo tests, C57BL/6J mice were fed with high fat diet for 3 months with or without SGB121 administration. Thereafter, immunohistochemistry, western blot, PCR and ELISA assays were conducted with brain tissues. Results and conclusion: SGB121 selectively suppressed HFD-induced oxidative stress and cellular senescence in brain, and reduced subsequent inflammation responses manifested by abrogated secretion of IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα via NF-κB signaling pathway. Interestingly, SGB121 protects against HFD-induced damage by improving mitophagy and endoplasmic reticulum-stress associated autophagy flux and inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, SGB121 regulates lipid uptake and accumulation by FATP4 and PPARα. SGB121 significantly abates excessively phosphorylated tau protein in the cortex and GFAP activation in corpus callosum. Together, our results suggest that SGB121 is able to favor the resistance of brain to HFD-induced damage, therefore provide explicit evidence of the potential to be a functional food.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1734-1741
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• 2016

This study was conducted to examine the effects of adding phytoncide oil extracted from Korean pine nut cone by-product to the diet of dairy cows on milk yield and compositions, fatty acid characteristics, complete blood count and stress response. A total of 74 Holstein cows were used for 30 days and divided into two groups. Each group was given a basal diet (C) or an experimental diet containing phytoncide additives at 0.016% (T) in feed. The results showed that phytoncide feeding had no effect on milk yield. In addition, there were no observed effects on milk composition, but the ratio of fatty acid in milk was significantly affected by the phytoncide diet, and it showed a positive effect. Not only were the major functional fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid increased, but also ${\omega}6:{\omega}3$ fatty acid ratio was reduced in milk of T group (p<0.05). In blood analysis, the complete blood count showed no significant difference between C and T group on all parameters. However, the cortisol concentration was significantly decreased in T group compared to control (p<0.05). Taken together, we suggest that phytoncide oil does not have a great influence on the physiological changes, but can be a potential feed additive that improves the milk fatty acid and stress resilience in dairy cows. In addition, it will contribute to the development of feed resource, a reduction in feed cost and a lessening of environmental pollution.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.442-448
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• 2013

개 정액 동결을 위한 glucose가 첨가된 glycerol-free TRIS 희석액을 개발하기 위해 glycerol-free TRIS내 알맞은 glucose의 양과 0.3 M glucose가 첨가된 glycerol-free TRIS내 정자의 적정 노출시간을 조사하였다. 여섯 마리의 수캐의 사출액을 0.04 M glucose가 첨가된 glycerol-free TRIS내에서 $4^{\circ}C$까지 100분 동안 냉각한 후 서로 다른 glucose농도 (0 M, 0,04 M, 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M)의 glycerol-free TRIS에서 30분 동안 냉각하여 동결하였다. $37^{\circ}C$에서 25 초 동안 융해한 후 정자의 막 고유성과 첨단체 고유성을 검사하였다. 부가적으로 0.3 M glucose가 첨가된 glycerol-free TRIS내 정자의 적정 노출시간에 따른 정자의 동결 후 운동성, 생존성, DNA 고유성을 확인하였다. 막 고유성과 첨단체 고유성은 각각 6-carboxyfluoresceindiacetate(6-CFDA)/propidium iodide(PI) fluorescent staining와 Pisum sativum agglutinin conjugated-fluorescein isothiocyanate 방법에 의해 검사하였다. DNA 고유성은 terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling로 염색하여 flow cytometry로 검사하였다. 0.2 M 또는 0.3 M glucose가 첨가된 glycerol-free TRIS에서 동결된 정자가 낮은 농도의 glucose가 첨가된 희석액에서 동결된 정자보다 막 고유성이 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 첨단체 고유성은 0.3 M 군에서 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 운동성은 50 분 군에서 높게 나타났으나(p<0.05), DNA fragmentation index는 노출시간에 따라 차이가 없었다. 본 연구 결과 개정자가 0.3 M glucose가 첨가된 glycerol-free TRIS에서 $4^{\circ}C$, 50 분간 냉각 후 동결과 융해 후 더 높은 생존성을 나타냈다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.1214-1221
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• 1998

지질 산화에 의해 생성하는 MDA (malondialdehyde)를 thiobarbituric acid와 반응시켜 측정한 MDA 값은 곰취 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 감소하므로서 추출물들에 의해 산화가 억제됨을 알 수 있었다. 메탄올 추출물의 경우 $15\;{\mu}g/mL$농도로 첨가시 71.7% (13.36 nmol/㎎)의 산화억제율을 나타내었으며 분획물의 경우 ethyl acetate 분획물이 동일농도에서 97% (1.35 nmol/mg)의 억제율을 나타내었다. 산화시간에 따른 MDA 값의 변화는 $25\;{\mu}g/mL$의 농도를 첨가시 에탄올, 메탄올 및 물 추출물의 경우 4시간까지 산화를 억제하였으며 분획물의 경우에는 $20\;{\mu}g/mL$의 농도를 첨가시 ethyl acetate 분획물이 8시간까지 강한 항산화효과를 나타내었다. Agarose gel electrophoresis에서는 에탄올, 메탄올 그리고 물 추출물 모두 항산화 효과가 인정되었다. 지질산화에 의해 생성되는 conjugated diene은 곰취 추출물의 경우 $Cu^{2+}$로 산화시켰을 때 대조에 비해 약 1.1배에서 2.8배까지 감소시키는 효과를 나타내었고 분획물의 경우 약 2.2배에서 3.2배까지의 감소효과를 나타냄으로서 강한 산화 억제효과를 나타내었다. SDS-PAGE를 이용하여 LDL내부에 존재하는 apo B-100부분에 대하여 산화에 따른 분해정도를 측정한 결과 에탄올, 메탄올 및 물 추출물이 천연 LDL의 band와 유사한 band를 나타내었다. Densitometer를 이용한 apo B-100함량은 천연 LDL의 함량을 100%로 하였을 때 에탄올, 메탄올 및 물 추출물의 경우 각각 77.8, 92.5 그리고 82.3%의 함량을 나타내었다. 분획물의 경우 헥산, ethyl acetate 및 물 분획물에서 각각 38.8, 94.5% 그리고 65.5%의 함량을 나타냄으로서 ethyl acetate 분획물이 강하게 산화를 억제함으로서 apo B-100의 분해를 막아주고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.951-959
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of linseed oil or whole linseed supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid composition of lactating dairy cows. Thirty six Holstein Friesian crossbred lactating dairy cows were blocked by milking days first and then stratified random balanced for milk yields and body weight into three groups of 12 cows each. The treatments consisted of basal ration (53:47; forage:concentrate ratio, on a dry matter [DM] basis, respectively) supplemented with 300 g/d of palm oil as a positive control diet (PO), or supplemented with 300 g/d of linseed oil (LSO), or supplemented with 688 g/d of top-dressed whole linseed (WLS). All cows were received ad libitum grass silage and individually fed according to the treatments. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks including the first 2 weeks as the adjustment period, followed by 8 weeks of measurement period. The results showed that LSO and WLS supplementation had no effects on total dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and live weight change; however, the animals fed WLS had higher crude protein (CP) intake than those fed PO and LSO (p<0.05). To compare with the control diet, dairy cow's diets supplemented with LSO and WLS significantly increased milk concentrations of cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (p<0.05) and n-3 fatty acids (FA) (p<0.01), particularly, cis-9,12,15-C18:3, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. Supplementing LSO and WLS induced a reduction of medium chain FA, especially, C12:0-C16:0 FA (p<0.05) while increasing the concentration of milk unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (p<0.05). Milk FA proportions of n-3 FA remarkably increased whereas the ratio of n-6 to n-3 decreased in the cows supplemented with WLS as compared with those fed the control diet and LSO (p<0.01). In conclusion, supplementing dairy cows' diet based on grass silage with WLS had no effect on milk yield and milk composition; however, trans-9-C18:1, cis-9,trans-11-CLA, n-3 FA and UFA were increased while saturated FA were decreased by WLS supplementation. Therefore, it is recommended that the addition 300 g/d of oil from whole linseed should be used to lactating dairy cows' diets.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.241-248
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• 2015

프로바이오틱스에 대한 연구는 주로 생균의 효과가 많이 알려져 있지만 가열 처리된 유산균인 사균체의 기능에 대한 연구도 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 락토바실러스 아시도필러스 CBT LA1의 사균체의 장관장벽 기능에 대하여 in vitro, in vivo에서 실험하였다. 이를 위하여, 세포표면 소수성 상호작용력(cell surface hydrophobicity), 자가응집력(autoaggregation), 세포에 부착하는 능력(cell adhesion)과 자가응집력(autoaggregation), LPS와의 결합력을 조사하였다. 또한 HT-29 장상피세포에서 LPS로 유도되는 IL-8의 발현을 억제하는 효과를 조사하였다. CBT LA1을 80도에서 121도까지 10분 동안 열을 처리하였을 때, 80도에서 열을 처리한 CBT LA1 사균체가 가장 높은 세포에 부착하는 능력을 보여 주었다. CBT LA1 생균과 비교했을 때, 80도에서 열을 처리한 CBT LA1 사균체는 높은 LPS와의 결합력, 소수성 상호작용력, 자가응집력, HT-29 세포에 부착하는 능력과 IL-8의 발현을 억제하는 능력을 보여주었다. In vivo 실험에서 FITC로 label된 LPS를 투여하였을 때 16시간 후, CBT LA1 사균체를 섭취한 동물의 장관 내 LPS가 가장 많이 제거되었다. 이러한 연구 결과들은 CBT LA1 생균처럼 CBT LA1 사균체도 장관장벽 기능을 가지며 이는, 파마바이오틱스로서 그 가능성을 시사한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1606-1612
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• 2008

Interleukin (IL)-32 is a recently identified proinflammatory cytokine that is one of the IL-18 inducible genes, and plays an important role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We produced antibodies against IL-32 and studied the expression of IL-32 in human stomach cancer. We detected IL-32 secreted from K-562 cells which were stably transfected with IL-32 and in the sera of stomach cancer patients by a sandwich ELISA using a monoclonal antibody KU32-52 and a polyclonal antibody. In order to optimize a sandwich immunoassay, recombinant IL-32a was added, followed by the addition of a biotinylated KU32-52 into microtiter plate wells precoated with a goat anti-IL-32 antibody. The bound biotinylated KU32-52 was probed with a streptavidin conjugated to HRP. This sandwich ELISA was highly specific and had a minimal detection limit of 80 pg/ml (mean${\pm}$SD of zero calibrator) and measuring up to 3,000 pg/ml. This ELISA showed no cross-reaction with other cytokines such as hIL-1$\alpha$, hIL-1$\beta$, hIL-2, hIL-6, hIL-8, hIL-10, hIL-18, and hTNF-$\alpha$. Intra-assay coefficients of variation were 18.5% to 4.6% (n=10), and inter-assay coefficients were 23% to 9% (n=10). The average IL-32 level in the sera of 16 stomach cancer patients (189 pg/ml) was higher than that of 12 healthy control men (109 pg/ml). Our results indicate that serum IL-32 level can be detected by using an established ELISA, and that this immunoassay and mAb KU32-09 specific for immunohistochemistry can be used in the detection of expressed and secreted IL-32 in stomach cancer patients.