Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13665

Effects of Linseed Oil or Whole Linseed Supplementation on Performance and Milk Fatty Acid Composition of Lactating Dairy Cows  

Suksombat, Wisitiporn (School of Animal Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology)
Thanh, Lam Phuoc (Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University)
Meeprom, Chayapol (School of Animal Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology)
Mirattanaphrai, Rattakorn (School of Animal Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology)
Publication Information
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences / v.27, no.7, 2014 , pp. 951-959 More about this Journal
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of linseed oil or whole linseed supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid composition of lactating dairy cows. Thirty six Holstein Friesian crossbred lactating dairy cows were blocked by milking days first and then stratified random balanced for milk yields and body weight into three groups of 12 cows each. The treatments consisted of basal ration (53:47; forage:concentrate ratio, on a dry matter [DM] basis, respectively) supplemented with 300 g/d of palm oil as a positive control diet (PO), or supplemented with 300 g/d of linseed oil (LSO), or supplemented with 688 g/d of top-dressed whole linseed (WLS). All cows were received ad libitum grass silage and individually fed according to the treatments. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks including the first 2 weeks as the adjustment period, followed by 8 weeks of measurement period. The results showed that LSO and WLS supplementation had no effects on total dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and live weight change; however, the animals fed WLS had higher crude protein (CP) intake than those fed PO and LSO (p<0.05). To compare with the control diet, dairy cow's diets supplemented with LSO and WLS significantly increased milk concentrations of cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (p<0.05) and n-3 fatty acids (FA) (p<0.01), particularly, cis-9,12,15-C18:3, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. Supplementing LSO and WLS induced a reduction of medium chain FA, especially, C12:0-C16:0 FA (p<0.05) while increasing the concentration of milk unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (p<0.05). Milk FA proportions of n-3 FA remarkably increased whereas the ratio of n-6 to n-3 decreased in the cows supplemented with WLS as compared with those fed the control diet and LSO (p<0.01). In conclusion, supplementing dairy cows' diet based on grass silage with WLS had no effect on milk yield and milk composition; however, trans-9-C18:1, cis-9,trans-11-CLA, n-3 FA and UFA were increased while saturated FA were decreased by WLS supplementation. Therefore, it is recommended that the addition 300 g/d of oil from whole linseed should be used to lactating dairy cows' diets.
Keywords
Linseed Oil; Whole Linseed; Milk Production; Milk Composition; Milk Fatty Acids; Dairy Cows;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Weisbjerg, M. R., M. K. Larsen, L. Hymoller, M. Thorhauge, U. Kidmose, J. H. Nielsen, and J. B. Andersen. 2013. Milk production and composition in Danish Holstein, Danish Red, and Danish Jersey cows supplemented with saturated or unsaturated fat. Livest. Sci. 155:60-70.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 WHO (World Health Organization). 2003. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, WHO technical report, Geneva.
3 Ostrowska, E., F. R. Dunshea, M. Muralitharan, and R. F. Cross. 2000. Comparison of Silverion high performance liquid chromatographic quantification of free and methylated conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids 35:1147-1153.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Petit, H. V. and C. Cortes. 2010. Milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, and blood composition of dairy cows fed whole or ground flaxseed in the first half of lactation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 158:36-43.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Puppel, K., B. Kuczynska, T. Nalecz-Tarwacka, and H. Grodzki. 2013. Influence of linseed variety on fatty acid profile in cow's milk. J. Sci. Food Agric. 93:2276-2280.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 SAS (Statistical Analysis System). 1996. SAS User' Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
7 Shingfield, K. J., Y. Chilliard, V. Toivonen, P. Kairenius, and D. I. Givens. 2008. Trans fatty acids and bioactive lipids in ruminant milk. In: Bioactive Components of Milk. Springer- Verlag Berlin, Berlin, Germany. pp. 606:3-65.
8 Shingfield, K. J., M. R. F. Lee, D. J. Humphries, N. D. Scollan, V. Toivonen, D. E. Beever, and C. K. Reynolds. 2011. Effect of linseed oil and fish oil alone or as an equal mixture on ruminal fatty acid metabolism in growing steers fed maize silage-based diets. J. Anim. Sci. 89:3728-3741.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Steel, R. G. D. and J. H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: a biometeric approach, 2nd ed. McGrowhill, New York, USA.
10 Tudisco R., M. I. Cutrignelli, S. Calabro, G. Piccolo, F. Bovera, A. Guglielmelli, G. Moniello, and F. Infascelli. 2010. Influence of organic systems on milk fatty acid profile and CLA in goats. Small Rumin. Res. 88:151-155.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Lerch, S., A. Ferlay, K. J. Shingfield, B. Martin, D. Pomies, and Y. Chilliard. 2012. Rapeseed or linseed supplements in grassbased diets: Effects on milk fatty acid composition of Holstein cows over two consecutive lactations. J. Dairy Sci. 95:5221-5241.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Moate, P. J., W. Chalupa, R. C. Boston, and I. J. Lean. 2007. Milk fatty acids. I. Variation in the concentration of individual fatty acids in bovine milk. J. Dairy Sci. 90:4730-4739.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Lunsin, R., M. Wanapat, C. Yuangklang, and P. Rowlinson. 2012. Effect of rice bran oil supplementation on rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Livest. Sci. 145:167-173.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Mach, N., R. L. G. Zom, H. C. A. Widjaja, P. G. van Wikselaar, R. E. Weurding, R. M. A. Goselink, J. van Baal, M. A. Smits, and A. M. van Vuuren. 2013. Dietary effects of linseed on fatty acid composition of milk and on liver, adipose and mammary gland metabolism of periparturient dairy cows. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 97:89-104.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Martin, C., J. Rouel, J. P. Jouany, M. Doreau, and Y. Chilliard. 2008. Methane output and diet digestibility in response to feeding dairy cows crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil. J. Anim. Sci. 86:2642-2650.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Mosley, E. E., B. Shafii, P. J. Moate, and M. A. McGuire. 2006. Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized directly from vaccenic acid in lactating dairy cattle. J. Nutr. 136:570-575.
17 Noakes, M., P. J. Nestel, and P. M. Clifton. 1996. Modifying the fatty acid profile of dairy products through feedlot technology lowers plasma cholesterol of humans consuming the products. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63:42-46.
18 NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA.
19 Orskov, E. R. and I. McDonald. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92:499-503.   DOI
20 Gebauer, S. K., J. M. Chardigny, M. U. Jakobsen, B. Lamarche, A. L. Lock, S. D. Proctor, and D. J. Baer. 2011. Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: A comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Adv. Nutr. 2:332-354.   DOI
21 Gebauer, S. K., T. L. Psota, W. S. Harris, and P. M. Kris-Etherton. 2006. n-3 fatty acid dietary recommendations and food sources to achieve essentiality and cardiovascular benefits. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83:S1526-S1535S.
22 Glasser, F., A. Ferlay, and Y. Chilliard. 2008. Oilseed lipid supplements and fatty acid composition of cow milk: A metaanalysis. J. Dairy Sci. 91:4687-4703.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Angulo, J., B. Hiller, M. Olivera, L. Mahecha, D. Dannenberger, G. Nuernberg, B. Losand, and K. Nuernberg. 2012. Dietary fatty acid intervention of lactating cows simultaneously affects lipid profiles of meat and milk. J. Sci. Food Agric. 92:2968-2974.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Griinari, J. M. and D. E. Bauman. 1999. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid and its incorporation into meat and milk in ruminants. In: Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research (Eds. M. P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J. K. G. Kramer, M. W. Pariza, and G. J. Nelson), Vol. I (Eds). AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, USA. pp. 180-200.
25 Hara, A. and N. S. Radin. 1978. Lipid extraction of tissues with a low-toxicity solvent. Anal. Biochem. 90:420-426.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Huth, P. J., D. B. DiRienzo, and G. D. Miller. 2006. Major scientific advances with dairy foods in nutrition and health. J. Dairy Sci. 89:1207-1221.   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Joyce, T., A. J. Wallace, S. N. McCarthy, and M. J. Gibney. 2009. Intakes of total fat, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in Irish children, teenagers and adults. Public Health Nutr. 12:156-165.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Caroprese, M., A. Marzano, R. Marino, G. Gliatta, A. Muscio, and A. Sevi. 2010. Flaxseed supplementation improves fatty acid profile of cow milk. J. Dairy Sci. 93:2580-2588.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Brouwer, I. A., A. J. Wanders, and M. B. Katan. 2010. Effect of animal and industrial trans fatty acids on HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in humans-A quantitative review. PLoS ONE 5(3):e9434.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Brown, W., A. A. AbuGhazaleh, and S. A. Ibrahim. 2008. Milk conjugated linoleic acid response to fish oil and linseed oil supplementation of grazing dairy cows. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 21:663-670.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
31 Chilliard, Y. 1993. Dietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in ruminants, pigs and rodents: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3897-3931.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Chilliard, Y., F. Glasser, A. Ferlay, L. Bernard, J. Rouel, and M. Doreau. 2007. Diet, rumen biohydrogenation, cow and goat milk fat nutritional quality: A review. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109:828-855.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Chilliard, Y., C. Martin, J. Rouel, and M. Doreau. 2009. Milk fatty acids in dairy cows fed whole crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil, and their relationship with methane output. J. Dairy Sci. 92:5199-5211.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Connor, W. E. 2000. Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71:171S-175S.
35 Cortes, C., D. C. da Silva-Kazama, R. Kazama, N. Gagnon, C. Benchaar, G. T. D. Santos, L. M. Zeoula, and H. V. Petit. 2010. Milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows fed whole flaxseed and calcium salts of flaxseed oil. J. Dairy Sci. 93:3146-3157.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal production. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Allen, M. S. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1598-1624.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 AOAC. 1998. Official Method of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, USA.
39 Dirandeh, E., A. Towhidi, S. Zeinoaldini, M. Ganjkhanlou, Z. A. Pirsaraei, and A. Fouladi-Nashta. 2013. Effects of different polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementations during the postpartum periods of early lactating dairy cows on milk yield, metabolic responses, and reproductive performances. J. Anim. Sci. 91:713-721.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Benchaar, C., G. A. Romero-Perez, P. Y. Chouinard, F. Hassanat, M. Eugene, H. V. Petit, and C. Corte. 2012. Supplementation of increasing amounts of linseed oil to dairy cows fed total mixed rations: Effects on digestion, ruminal fermentation characteristics, protozoal populations, and milk fatty acid composition. J. Dairy Sci. 95:4578-4590.   DOI   ScienceOn