• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.40-53
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• 2021

The level of soil organic carbon (SOC) fluctuates in different types of forest stands: this variation can be attributed to differences in tree species, and the variables associated with soil, climate, and topographical features. The present review evaluates the level of SOC in different types of forest stands to determine the factors responsible for the observed variation. Mixed stands have the highest amount of SOC, while coniferous (both deciduous-coniferous and evergreen-coniferous) stands have greater SOC concentrations than deciduous (broadleaved) and evergreen (broadleaved) tree stands. There was a significant negative correlation between SOC and mean annual temperature (MAT) and sand composition, in all types of forest stands. In contrast, the silt fraction has a positive correlation with SOC, in all types of tree stands. Variation in SOC under different types of forest stands in different landscapes can be due to differences in MAT, and the sand and silt fraction of soil apart from the type of forests.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2016

The coniferous fallen leaf is one of the major forestry residues. Since the coniferous fallen leaf would not be easily decayed, the large amount of the coniferous fallen leaves in forestry could be the source of forest fire. The applicability of the fallen leaves to the pulp mold were evaluated for developing new utilization of coniferous fallen leaves. The morphological properties and the chemical composition of the fallen leaves of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis were evaluated by the comparison with those of fresh leaves. The applicability of the coniferous fallen leaves to the pulp mold and the effects on the pulp mold properties including the scent diffusion were investigated. The fallen leaves showed the shrunk structure by losing the hot water extract component, which leaded to better grinding properties than that of fresh leaves. The pulp mold with fallen leaves showed higher strength properties than the pulp mold with fresh leaves. Although the scent of the pulp mold with fresh leaves was stronger, the pulp mold with fallen leaves had coniferous scent too. The application of fallen leaves to pulp mold for the functional properties could be possible by improving the mechanical properties and the scent lasting treatments.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2024

Quantitative evaluation of nutrient status and stoichiometry on the forest floor is a good indicator of litter quality in various vegetation types. This study was conducted to determine the effects of vegetation type on the nutrient concentration and stoichiometry of forest floors at a regional scale. Forest floor samples were collected from four vegetation types of evergreen coniferous forests including Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, evergreen broadleaf, and bamboo spp. forests in southern Korea. The dry weight of the forest floor was higher in the C. japonica and C. obtusa forests than in the evergreen broadleaf and bamboo forests. The mean carbon (C) concentrations of the forest floor were highest in the broadleaf forest, followed by the bamboo forest, C. japonica and C. obtusa forests. Mean nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) concentrations in the the coniferous forests were lower than those in the broadleaf and bamboo forests. The mean C:N ratio was the highest in C. obtusa forest (118±25), followed by C. japonica (66±6), evergreen broadleaf (41±1), and bamboo (30±1) forests. However, C:P and N:P ratios were lower in the coniferous forests than in the broadleaf forest indicating that the stoichiometry of the forest floor varies across vegetation types. The C, N, and P stocks on the forest floor were higher in the C. obtusa forest than in the broadleaf or bamboo forests. These results highlight that vegetation type-dependent stoichiometric ratio is an useful indicator for understanding interspecific difference in quality and quantity of the forest floor.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.119-129
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• 1999

The bryophyte communities on the forest floor of the mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaf forest and the evergreen coniferous forest of cool temperate and subalpine zones in Mts. Taebaek, Odae and Sulak of Tabaek Range were investigated from. the numerical and phytosociological viewpoints. As a result, four bryophyte communities were recognized there, considering the species composition of vascular vegetation; A. Thuja koraiensis-Abies nephrolepis/Taxus caespitosa-Pinus pumila/Hylocomium splendens-Pleurozium schreberi community, B: Sasamorpha borealis-Abies nephrolepis/Plagiomnium cuspidatum- Aulacomnium heterostichum community, C. Abies holophylla-Abies nephrolepis/Thuidium recognitum-Trachycystis immarginata cristatus community, D. Meehania urticifolia-Abies nephrolepis/Hylocomiopsis ovicarpa-Taxiphyllum aomoriense community. Among these, the community A was distributed in higher altitudes and characterized by the species group of the holarctic elements, e.g. Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum majus, etc. limited in subarctic; subalpine and arctic; alpine zones and was confirmed as synusies of the Thujo-Abietetum nephrolepidis Song 1991 and Taxo-Pinetum pumilae Song 1985 belonging the Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. 1939. In contrast the communities B, C and D were distributed in the mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaf forest of lower altitudes and characterized by the elements of the cool temperate; montane zone. They were confirmed as synusies belonging to the Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae Song 1988. By the result of the numerical syntaxonomical analysis such as cluster analysis, interspecific association, PCA, the communities were largely divided into the two types. The two types coincided with the community units or the diagnostic species of the bryophyte communities of the subalpine zone and the montane zone, respectively. Also the analysis revealed that the division of the above two forest zones are justifiable. Up to date many investigator have described the coniferous forest distibuted above 1000m in Taebaek mountains as the forest vegetation of subalpine zone. However, from the results of the present study, the boundary of the mixed forest and the true subalpine coniferous forest was elucidated to be ca. 1,500 m phytosociologically. Species richness was the highest in the community A, and the other four communities showed a similar species richness.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.185-193
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• 1984

Regneration process of Abies koreana-Pinus koraiensis community consisted of a subalpione coniferous forest in Mt. Jiri, Korea, was studied in relation to age structure, especially to gap formation. The tall-tree layer (ca. 6.5m) is dominated by Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis, while lower layer by the sapling and juveniles of A. koreana and Picea jezoensis below 2m tall. The ranges of DBH in A. koreana, P. koraiensis and P. jezonesis were 11.8cm~26.4m, 11.7cm~24.5 cm and 18.2cm~21.7 cm, respectively. The trees below 130 cm tall had contagious distribution, while tall and subtall trees had uniform distribution. The average tree ages of A. koreana, P. koraieniensis and P. jezoensis were 60~70 years, 70~80 years and 70~90 years, respectively. The saplings and juveniles below 20 years in tree ages were occupied over 80% of total trees. The coniferous trees in the gaps or around dead trees were composed of sapligs and juveniles which had emerged or invaded about 20 years before and after the gap formation. The Betula type regeneration of the coniferous forest took place in gaps which orginated from the failing down of a single or a few trees by longevity. Accordingly, it is clear that the subalpine coniferous forest composed of A. koreana of A. koreana, P. koraiensis and P. jezoensis in Mt. jiri was supporting by the regeneration pattern of Betula type.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 1995

The effects of noise attenuation among bare land, grassland, dominated broad-leaved (Quercus acutissima Carruth) and dominated coniferous forest (Pignus rigid Mill.) were studied For this study, the field experiment was carried out at playground, orchard grass, and school forest in Yeungnam University, Kyongsan. Sound levels of 500, 630, 800, 1,000, 1,250, 1,600, 2,000, 2,500 and 3,150 Hz, respectively, were projected into the vegetation, and the transmitted levels of sound were recorded at the distances of 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50m, respectively, from the sound source. Both dominated coniferous forest (Pignus riged Mill.) and broad-leaved forest (Quercus acutissima Carruth ) are the more effective than grassland in the rates of attenuation. It is expected that dominated coniferous forest will be the more effective to attenuate sound love교 than dominated broad-leaved forest. In the low frequencies such as 500 and 630 Hz, grassland showed the more effective to attenuate sound levels than forests, while in the high frequency such as 3,150 Hz, the forests are the more effective to attenuate sound levels than grassland The present results suggested that it is the more effective to establish the tree belt for a sound barrier, with dominated coniferous tree species in the upper layer and herbaceous vegetation in the lower layer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.5
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• pp.556-561
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• 2006

This study was conducted to choose end-members and tracers for application of End Member Mixing Analysis (EMMA) model for the coniferous forest catchment, Gwangneung Gyeongi-do near Seoul metropolitan of South Korea (N $37^{\circ}$ 45', E $127^{\circ}$ 09'). This coniferous forest of Pinus Korainensis and Abies holophylla was planted at stocking rate of $3.0stems\;ha^{-1}$ in 1976. Thinning and pruning were carried out two times in the spring of 1996 and 2004 respectively. We monitored two successive rainfall events during ten days from June 26, 205 to July 5, 2005. Two storm events were selected to determine the end members and natural traces for hydrograph separation. The event 1 amounts to 161.9 m for two days from June 26 to 27, 2005. The event 2 precipitates to 139.2 mm for one day of July 1, 205. Throughfall, groundwater, soil water and stream water of the two events above were sampled through the bulk and automatic sampler. Their chemical properties were analyzed for prediction of the main tracer. The end members that contribute to the stream runoff were identified from the three components including groundwater, soil water and throughfall. Each component and stream water in the two events formed the suitable mixing diagram in case of chloride-nitrate ion and sulfate-potassium ion. Especially, chloride-nitrate ion was found to be the most suitable tracers for EMMA model in the two events.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.5
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• pp.755-761
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• 2010

This study analyzed water quality data from a coniferous forest catchment in order to quantify the contributions of runoff components to stormflow, and to understand the effects of antecedent moisture conditions within catchment on the contributions of runoff components. Hydrograph separation by the twocomponent mixing model analysis was used to partition stormflow discharge into pre-event and event components for total 10 events in 2005 and 2008. To simplify the analysis, this study used single geochemical tracer with Na+. The result shows that the average contributions of event water and pre-event water were 34.8% and 65.2% of total stormflow of all 10 events, respectively. The event water contributions for each event varied from 18.8% to 47.9%. As the results of correlation analysis between event water contributions versus some storm event characteristics, 10 day antecedent rainfall and 1 day antecedent streamflow are significantly correlated with event water contributions. These results can provide insight which will contribute to understand the importance of antecedent moisture conditions in the generation of event water, and be used basic information to stormflow generation process in forest catchment.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.19-29
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• 1969

This study investigated the vertical distribution of the vegetation in Mt. Hanla of Quelpart Island from 1967 to 1969. According to the physiognomy and life form of plants, the following plant communities are observed and arranged tentatively from the foot to the top. A. North-facing slope. (1) Grass land(0∼600m) (2) Deciduous broad-leaved forest(600∼1200m) (3) Mixed forest(broad and needle leaved forest : 1200∼1300m) (4) Evergreen coniferous forest(1300∼1700m) (5) Scrub communities(1700∼1950m) B. South-facing slope. (1) Grass land(0∼700) (2) Deciduous broad-leaved forest(700∼1300m) (3) Mixed forest(1300∼1550m) (4) Evergreen coniferous forest (1550∼850m) (5) Scrub communities(1850∼1950m) D. West-facing slope. (1) Grass land(0∼650) (2) Deciduous brod-leaved forest(650∼1400m) (3) Mixed forest(1400∼1500m) (4) Evergreen coniferous forest(1500∼1750m) (5) Scrub communities(1750∼1950m) The relation of the geological map and vegetation are as follows: (1) In the region of lava of Mt. Hanla are mainly distribut4ed deciduous broad-leaved forest. (2) In the region of Mt. Hanla are mainly distributed scrub. (3) In the region of lava of Gogun-san are involved deciduous broad-leaved forest, scrub and grass land of Gaimi-Dung.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.157-164
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• 2011

Long-term annual water balances are analyzed for two forest catchments located in Gwangneung covered with forests of different types and ages. The water balance trends of the two catchments from 1982 to 2009 are compared to identify the effect of forest growth and thinning on the water balance in a planted coniferous forest catchment. According to the averaged annual precipitation and runoff for the four designated periods from 1982 to 2009, the water balance of the old natural broad-leaved forest catchment (GB) remained relatively unchanged. In contrast, the young planted coniferous forest catchment (GC) showed significant changes in the water balance due to the forest growing and thinning. The results showed that the catchment runoff decreases with increasing tree age whereas the forest thinning results in an increase in catchment runoff. The mean annual runoff from the catchment GC after thinning increased by 1.7 times, compared with the mean annual runoff before forest thinning. The mean annual runoff from the catchment GB was very stable throughout the period. However, such an effect of forest thinning appeared to last only for about 10 year-period, after which the water yield increment in the catchment GC disappeared. It indicates that the proper forest management should be reconsidered at the interval of 10 years to effectively reduce water loss and increase water yield in the planted coniferous forest.