• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.14 no.11
• /
• pp.205-214
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating effect which may operate within bulling-related experience and bulling conformity types in upper-grade elementary school children. The parameter name is ego-resilience. The participants in this research consisted of 445 upper-grade elementary school children. The main result are the following. First, bulling-related experiences had a direct influence upon bulling conformity types (attacker conformity to the victims. conformity, bystander) without using the parametric ego-resilience. Expecially, the bulling-related experience had a positive relationship with attacker conformity. Second, based on the analysis of the relationship between bulling-related experience and bulling conformity types, using the parametric ego-resilience, it was found out that the bulling-related experience have an effect on bulling conformity types both directly and indirectly. Concretely, the parametric ego-resilience has increased from victim conformity and bystander, but decreased from attacker conformity.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.25-40
• /
• 2013

Recently, social network services (SNSs) most notably in Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin have became a worldwide sensation more than the other internet services. This study suggested social conformity theory is appropriate tools for diagnosis to rapid adoption and diffusion of SNSs. Based on previous research, we suggested three different aspects of social conformity:social imitation conformity, social connection conformity, and social comparative conformity. Namely conformity has positive effect on user's three kinds of commitment which called continuance, normative, and affective commitment. we investigated user's commitment to the SNSs have positive effects on user's stickiness intention. Finally, we presented useful implications related to academy and industry.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.231-245
• /
• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of book-tax conformity on conforming tax avoidance and non-conforming tax avoidance. Design/methodology/approach - This study uses financial data from 1996 to 2019 of 34 countries. We regress conforming or non-conforming tax avoidance on book-tax conformity. We use the book-tax conformity measure developed by Atwood et al. (2010), the non-conforming tax avoidance measure developed by Desai and Dharmapala (2006), and the conforming tax avoidance measure developed by Badertscher et al. (2019). Findings - First, book-tax conformity has a significant positive relationship with non-conforming tax avoidance. Second, book-tax conformity is not statistically related to conforming tax avoidance. Research implications or Originality - While prior research focuses on the effect of book-tax conformity on earnings quality, we examine on the effect on tax avoidance. Furthermore, this study is expected to provide important policy implications regarding the types of tax avoidance strategies that tax authorities should pay attention to. Our results imply that tax authorities in countries with high book-tax conformity should pay more attention to non-conforming tax avoidance than to conforming tax avoidance.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.85-102
• /
• 2013

Prior concrete strength distributions can be updated by using direct information from test results as well as by taking into account indirect information due to conformity control. Due to the filtering effect of conformity control, the distribution of the material property in the accepted inspected lots will have lower fraction defectives in comparison to the distribution of the entire production (before or without inspection). A methodology is presented to quantify this influence in a Bayesian framework based on prior knowledge with respect to the hyperparameters of concrete strength distributions. An algorithm is presented in order to update prior distributions through numerical integration, taking into account the operating characteristic of the applied conformity criteria, calculated based on Monte Carlo simulations. Different examples are given to derive suitable hyperparameters for incoming strength distributions of concrete offered for conformity assessment, using updated available prior information, maximum-likelihood estimators or a bootstrap procedure. Furthermore, the updating procedure based on direct as well as indirect information obtained by conformity assessment is illustrated and used to quantify the filtering effect of conformity criteria on concrete strength distributions in case of a specific set of conformity criteria.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.14 no.4 s.36
• /
• pp.305-313
• /
• 1990

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-esteem and demo- graphic variables of adult males and females upon clothing behaviors. The questionnaire were admistered to 249 unmarried females, 202 married females, 228 unmarried males, 179 married males in Pusan. The data was analyzed statisitically using to Pearson's correlation, t-test, Multiple regres-sion. The major findings of this research can be summarized as following; 1. There was significant relationship between the self-esteen and Conformity, Modesty, Management of the clothing behavior subscales. There was significant relationship among the clothing behavior subscales except Interest-Modesty, Conformity-Aesthetics, Conformity- Fashion, Modesty- Psychological dependence and Modesty-Aesthetics. 2. There was significant difference in the self-esteem and all clothing behavior subscales except Conformity according to sex. 3. There was significant difference in Interest, Psychological dependence, Fashion, Conform- ity and Modesty according to marriage status. 4. Sex and school career have significant effect on the self-esteem. Sex have significant effect on Importance, Interest, Modesty, psychological dependence, Aesthetics, Management and Fashion. School career significant effect on Conformity and income effect on Fashion. 5. Sex and school career have significant effect on the self-esteem as intervening variables, the clothing behaviors as dependent variables. Sex, age, school career and income have significant direct effect on the clothing behavior subscales.

• International Journal of Contents
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.80-87
• /
• 2017

Since the advent of the Internet, and the development of smart devices, people have begun to spend more time in online platforms; this phenomenon has created a large number of online Words of Mouth (WOM) daily. Under these changes, one of the important aspects to consider is the conformity effect in online WOM; that is, whether an individual's own opinion would be influenced by the majority opinion of other people. This study, therefore, investigates whether there is the conformity effect in online product ratings for Amazon.com using the method called Markov Chain analysis. Markov Chain analysis considers the stochastic process that satisfies the Markov property, and we assume that the generation of online product ratings follows the process. Under the assumption that people are usually independent when they express their opinion in online platforms, we analyze the interdependency among rating sequences, and we find weak evidence that there exists the conformity effect in online product rating. This suggests that people who leave online product ratings consider others' opinions.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.137-150
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to closely describe the meaning of the clothing conformity behavior of female consumers in today's society. In this process, the vanity scale was used as a precedence variable, on the other hand, clothing consumption value and information search behavior was used as outcome variable, which has an effect on the clothing conformity behavior. The subjects were 300 females who live in Seoul and Kyung-gi. The data were analyzed by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, Factor analysis, Regression and ANOVA using SPSS program. The results were as follows. First, the vanity scale was classified into four factors, a concern and a positive view for each achievement and appearance. Clothing consumption value was divided into five factors; fashion, appearance attractiveness, emotional, social and functional clothing consumption value. Clothing conformity behavior was classified into three factors; normal, informational, and identified conformity factor. Second, various vanity scales influenced the clothing conformity behavior factors. In particular, concern for achievement and appearance were more important factors to clothing conformity behavior. Among six clothing consumption values, fashion was a more significant factor affected by clothing conformity behavior. Also, various conformity behaviors influenced the information search behaviors. Finally, according to age, school record, and pocket money, there were significant differences in clothing conformity behaviors and vanity factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.16 no.4 s.44
• /
• pp.431-441
• /
• 1992

This research was designed to evaluate the effect of need and of demographic variables of adult women on the conformity and individuality in the selection of clothes. 1. There are factors which have effect on variables of need. Marriage status, household type, age have effect on safety need, household type and age have effect on belongingness and love need. Household type and native community have effect on self-esteem need, household type, native community, school career, frequency of contact with mass media have effect on need for self-actualizing. Native community have effect on aesthetic need, and school careers have effect on the desires to know and to understand. 2. Self-esteem need, belongingness and love need, safety need, need for self-actualizing, aesthetic need, frequency of contact with mass media and income as demographic variables are directly related with conformity of clothing. Age, marriage status, native community, household type, school career are indirectly related with conformity of clothing. 3. Self-esteem need, need for self-actualizing, aestheitic need, desires to know and to understand, belongingness and love need, frequency of contact with mass media, household type have direct effect on the individuality of clothing. And age, household type, native community, school career have indirect effect on the individuality of clothing.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.39
• /
• pp.27-55
• /
• 2008

The concept of non-conformity is stipulated at Art. 35, CISG. According to the Art. 35, there is no directly stipulated concept of non-conformity. But Art. 35 said that the Seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract. Accordingly, the concept of non-conformity contains the conformity of quality, quantity, description, delivery of different goods and documents. Art. 39 does not specify the form of notice required. So parties can require a particular form by agreement. If there is no agreed form of notice, buyer' s notice must be sent by means appropriate in the circumstances. And Art. 39 states that the required notice of lack of conformity must be given to the seller. Notice of defects conveyed by the buyer to an independent third party is not found to have been given by means appropriate in the circumstances. And Art. 39 is subject to the parties' power under Art. 6 to derogate from or vary the effect of any provision of the Convention. When determining which requirement must be satisfied by the buyer is specifying the nature of any lack of conformity, a mixed objective-subjective standard should be applied, which has regard to the respective commercial situation of the buyer and the seller, to any cultural differences, but above all, to the nature of the goods. Also to determine the specificity requirement is to satisfy the purpose of notice of lack of conformity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.9 no.11
• /
• pp.376-390
• /
• 2009

The objective of this study is to examine the factors affecting adolescents' intention to buy e-Learning web site, expecially focuses on the moderating effect of adolescents's conformity. The main results are as follows. First, teacher's ability, personalized service, easy for service search, interaction between students, service revival for joining e-Learning sites affect intention to buy e-Learning web site through perceptual usefulness, except for entertainment. Second, perceptual usefulness has positive effect on intention to buy. Third, According to conformity, personalized service has different effect on perceptual usefulness. The result shows higher in high conformity group than low conformity group. It means e-Learning companies should focus on reference group or special group to effect their marketing strategy on adolescents. Lately, preceded studies investigated using SERVQUAL or SERVERF which were suit to offline. But, this study found e-Learning factors which are suitable to online. So, the factors and the results are more useful to e-Learning companies.