• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.351-395
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• 2019

Hempel's original intuitions about the raven's paradox are summed up in three ways. The first is known as the paradoxical conclusion: If one observes that an object a - about which nothing is antecedently known - is a non-black non-raven, then this observation confirms that all ravens are black. The second is an intuitive verdict of the misled conclusion of the paradox: If one observes that an object a - which is known to be a non-raven - is non-black (hence, is a non-black non-raven), then this observation does not confirmationally affect that all ravens are black. The third is a comparative claim between the two intuitions: the degree of confirmation appearing in the first intuition is greater than the degree of confirmation in the second intuition. The Standard Bayesian Solution of the paradox is evaluated to fleshed Hempel's intuitions out by establishing the first intuition. However, such an evaluation of this solution should be further analyzed because Hempel's intuition is not the only one. The solution of paradox does not establish the second intuition in a strict sense. However, I think the Bayesian solution will establish the second intuition based on its typical strategy of quantitative vindication. If only quantitative vindication is accepted, this evaluation of the solution remains valid. Nevertheless, the solution fails to establish the third intuition. In this article, I propose a new way to apply the Bayesian method to establish Hempel's intuitions, including the third intuition. If my analysis is correct, the Standard Bayesian Solution of the raven's paradox could indeed flesh Hempel's intuitions out by denying one of the assumptions considered essential.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1315-1322
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• 2006

The following study describes the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based screening and confirmation analysis of urinary androgenic steroids. Four commercially available solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, Serdolit PAD-1, Sep-pak $C_{18}$, amino-propyl, and Oasis HLB, and three different extractive organic solvents, diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and n-pentane, were tested for sample preparation. Overall, Oasis HLB combined with MTBE extraction provided the highest recoveries in 39 of 46 total androgenic steroids examined and it showed a good extraction yield (>82.1%) for polar steroids, such as metabolites of fluoxymesterone, oxandrolone, and stanozolol, which gave a poor recovery in both n-pentane (9.2-64.3%) and diethyl ether (22.2-73.6%) extractions. All SPE sorbents tested showed potential, because they were efficient in extraction for most or selective steroids. When applied to positive urine samples based on the results obtained, the present method allowed selective and sensitive analysis for detection of urinary androgenic steroids. The experiments showed that the high-resolution MS method is clearly more efficient than the low-resolution MS technique for the detection of many urinary steroids. However, comprehensive sample clean-up procedures also might be needed especially in confirmation analysis to increase detectability.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.348-355
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• 2000

The backward tracing scheme(BWT) of the finite element method has been extended lot the design of sheet blank in three-dimensional deformation. Originally the scheme was developed for preform design in bulk forming, and applied to several forming processes successfully. Its key concept is to trace backward from the final desirable configuration to an intermediate preform or initial blocker. A program for initial blank design in sheet forming which contains the capabilities of forward loading simulation by the finite element method and backward tracing simulation, has been developed and proved the effectiveness by applying to a square cup stamping process. In the blank design of square cup stamping, the backward tracing program can produce an optimum blank configuration which forms a sound net-shape cup product without machining after forming. For the confirmation of the analytic result derived from the backward tracing simulations as well as forward loading simulations, a series of experiment were carried out. The experiments include the first trial sheet forming process with a rectangular blank, an improved process with a modified blank preform and the final process with an optimum blank resulted from the backward tracing scheme. The experiments show that the backward tracing scheme has been implemented successfully in blank design of sheet metal forming.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.335-341
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• 1997

The generic analysis method for core flow instability is suggested to confirm that the core flow instability would not occur on PWR conditions. For the confirmation, the stability criteria of each fuel type are provided. Instability investigations in various accident conditions prove that the locked rotor accident is the most limiting case to instability. Parametric Effects are surveyed and in good agreement with available studies. The effects of heat flux distribution become negligible as the subcooling number is decreased. The power margin to instability is calculated quantitatively in various accident conditions.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.657-663
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• 2014

Since 2007, the defect confirmation test for vehicles using PEMS has been enforced in USA. This test can measure emissions from on-street vehicles using a device mounted on a car. Europe has confirmed its plan for introducing this test from EURO6, 2013. Thus, the Korean government is also under pressure to adopt this method that reflects the real-world driving conditions using PEMS, considering the emission controls for domestic heavy-duty vehicles. To provide various utilizations of the PEM, this emission test has been developed in accordance with the type of driving road, DPF, ISG, and air conditioner. This research aims to provide the fundamental materials for implementing defect confirmation tests for commercial vehicles, which are appropriate for domestic emission control situations, after studying the defect confirmation test methods for heavy-duty vehicles using PEMS.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6983-6987
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• 2014

Background: Modified toluidine blue staining (MTBs) is a simple, inexpensive and time saving method to detect H. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens. As a metachromatic stain, it simultaneously highlights intestinal metaplasia, a gastric cancer precancerous lesion. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of MTBs compared with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) for H. pylori detection using immunoperoxidase staining as the gold standard. This technique would be beneficial for a routine diagnosis and confirmation of H. pylori eradication in developing countries where endoscopic-based approaches are dominant. Materials and Methods: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with triple site gastric biopsies was undertaken in 207 dyspeptic patients at Thammasat University Hospital, Thailand between 1997 and 1999. H&E, MTBs and immunoperoxidase staining were applied to each specimen. The presence or absence of H. pylori with each stain was interpreted separately and the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of H&E and MTBs were calculated. Results: A total of 282 specimens from 207 patients were evaluated. Using immunoperoxidase staining, organisms were positive in 117 specimens (41%). MTBs proved almost equally sensitive as immunoperoxidase (99%) and significantly more sensitive than H&E (85%). It has comparable specificity (96% vs 96%), PPV (95% vs 94%), and NPV (99% vs 90%) to H&E, using immunoperoxidase staining as gold standard. MTBs compared with immunoperoxidase staining, is cheaper (2 USD vs 12 USD) and faster (20 min vs 16 hrs) compared to immunoperoxidase staining. Conclusions: MTBs is effective, economical and easy to use in daily practice for the detection of H. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens. In addition to saving time in evaluating H. pylori associated gastritis, with a high sensitivity and ability to demonstrate intestinal metaplasia, the technique may have a role in confirmation of H. pylori eradication for gastric cancer prevention in a developing country setting.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.169-178
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• 2019

This study examined the influence and role of college students' career preference type on the decision-making process of career selection, and also analyzed the effect on the confession bias in the process. The data was collected from June 20th to July 9th, 2017. The case analysis method was used for three times over 20 days by interviewing university students in the metropolitan area. The results of the analysis of the data from the study participants show that there are differences in the degree of individuals regardless of the preferred occupation type and career aptitude, but mostly there is a bias toward career and career. Confirmed biased thinking is a phenomenon that is shaped by the psychological and environmental factors of the research participants and that they try to fit themselves into a framework that reflects social awareness. The implication of this study is that the preference type affects the selection of the major, and that confirmation bias is a hindrance to proper employment and a job search. The preference for the individual job type should be properly established. Environment and opportunity should be provided.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.190-198
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• 2022

In the food market, kiosks are rapidly expanding. The kiosk improves the in-store consumer experience and economic prosperity of businesses. This research explores the continuance use intention of kiosks via a post-acceptance model with four antecedent variables: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, confirmation, and satisfaction. An online survey was conducted with 420 senior consumers, aged 50-70, who have experienced kiosk services. This study used SPSS 25.0 for descriptive analysis and Amos 23.0 for confirmatory factor anlysis, structural equation analysis, and mediate the effect of the bootstrapping method. The following results were obtained. First, perceived usefulness and confirmation significantly influenced satisfaction with kiosks. Second, perceived usefulness and satisfaction significantly influenced continuance use intention. Third, satisfaction mediated the relationship between perceived usefulness and continuance use intention. Fourth, satisfaction mediated the relationship between confirmation and continuance use intention. These findings enhanced the understanding of seniors' attitude and response to kiosk services.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-25
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• 2008

Spoken dialog tasks incur many errors including speech recognition errors, understanding errors, and even dialog management errors. These errors create a big gap between the user's intention and the system's understanding, which eventually results in a misinterpretation. To fill in the gap, people in human-to-human dialogs try to clarify the major causes of the misunderstanding to selectively correct them. This paper presents a method of clarification techniques to human-to-machine spoken dialog systems. We viewed the clarification dialog as a two-step problem-Belief confirmation and Clarification strategy establishment. To confirm the belief, we organized the clarification process into three systematic phases. In the belief confirmation phase, we consider the overall dialog system's processes including speech recognition, language understanding and semantic slot and value pairs for clarification dialog management. A clarification expert is developed for establishing clarification dialog strategy. In addition, we proposed a new design of plugging clarification dialog module in a given expert based dialog system. The experiment results demonstrate that the error verifiers effectively catch the word and utterance-level semantic errors and the clarification experts actually increase the dialog success rate and the dialog efficiency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.673-675
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• 2005

The art psychotherapy expert system is a computer system which helps to analyse one's psychology through pictures. However we need a standard criterion because the psychology, the target of the art psychotherapy, does not only have a ambiguous criterion but also a vast range. We're going to suggest a criterion in the field of the art psychotherapy by constructing systematic database through knowledge acquirement of the art psychotherapy expert system. In this study we introduce a system which enables systematic classification and confirmation of symptoms according to mental analyses. The suggested system enables confirmation of a classical structure and systematic classification of knowledges through conversation by extracting nouns through sentence analysis from the knowledge of descriptive form based on the clinical purpose of sentence analysis.