• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.565-572
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• 2004

The mechanical behavior of concrete-filled glass fiber reinforced polymer columns is affected by various factors including concrete strength, stiffness of tube, end confinement effect, and slenderness ratio of members. In this research the behavior of slender columns was examined both experimentally and analytically. Experimental works include 1) compression test with 30cm long glass fiber composite columns under different end confinement conditions, 2) uni-axial compression test for 7 slender columns, which have various slenderness ratios. Short-length stocky columns gave high strength and ductility revealing high confinement action of FRP tubes. The strength increment and strain change were examined under different end confinement conditions. With slender columns, failure strengths, confinement effects, and stress-strains relations were examined. Through analytical work, effective length was computed and it was compared with the amount of reduction in column strength, which is required to predict design strength with slender specimens. This study shows the feasibility of slender concrete-filled glass fiber reinforced polymer composite columns.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.929-934
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• 2002

Eight full-scale columns were constructed and tested under monotonic axial compression loading to investigate the influence of headed bars on the confinement of the concrete. One column represented a column with no transverse reinforcement and another column had poor detailing and little confinement. A third column contained seismic hoops and crossties, which represented current detailing practice for significant confinement. A fourth column test is conducted to investigate the response with the seismic crossties replaced by headed bars. Two column specimens were constructed and tested with all of the transverse reinforcement provided by headed bars. These six specimens enabled an assesment of the effectiveness of headed bars in confining the concrete. It was found that the use of headed bars improved the confinement of the columns. Two additional specimens were constructed without any transverse reinforcement. These columns were later retrofitted, by drilling horizontal holes in the columns, adding special headed bars (one head fixed and the other head threaded) and then filling the drilled holes with epoxy. These retrofitted specimens with these added headed bars provided insight into the rehabilitation of older structures containing poorly detailed columns. All of the test specimens were instrumented to determine strain localization during failure and to monitor the strain in the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.313-328
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• 2002

Based on the orthotropic hypoelasticity formulation, a triaxial constitutive model of concrete is proposed. To account for increasing ductility in high confinement of concrete, the ductility enhancement is considered using so called the strain enhancement factor. It is also developed a three-dimensional finite element model for reinforced concrete structural members based on the proposed constitutive law of concrete with the smeared crack approach. The concrete confinement effects due to the beam-column joint are investigated through numerical examples for simple beam and structural beam member. Concrete at compression fibers in the vicinity of beam-column joint behaves dominant not only by the uniaxial compressive state but also by the biaxial and triaxial compressive states. For the reason of the severe confinement of concrete in the beam-column joint, the flexural critical cross-section is observed at a small distance away from the beam-column joint. These observations should be utilized for the economic design when the concrete structural members are subjected to high confinement due to the influence of beam-column joint.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제32권3A호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 철근콘크리트 기둥의 심부구속 철근 이외에 추가적인 외측 횡 보강재료를 보강한 실험체에 대해 반복주기가력 실험을 수행하였다. 이 목적을 위해 스테인레스 강과 GFRP를 사용하여 외측 횡보강재료를 제작하였고, 실험의 주요 변수로 외측 횡보강재의 종류, 두께 및 보강간격을 선택하였다. 실험결과, 외측 횡보강된 실험체는 무보강 실험체에 비해 연성능력 및 에너지 소산능력의 향상을 확인하였고, 본 연구를 통하여 제안된 외측 횡보강재를 사용한 횡구속 방법은 철근콘크리트 기둥부재의 내진보강에 유용하게 사용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2002

This paper presents a study carried out for the seismic capacity in reinforced concrete(RC) piers by the confinement effect of transverse reinforcement as such a hooked-tied, welded-tied and spiral reinforcement. In order to assess the seismic capacity with transverse reinforcement, experiment리 and analytical methods were adopted. A RC column survey was conducted based on eight one-fourth scale single circular column specimens designed and tested under slow horizontal cyclic loads. Two cases were analyzed. The confinement effect of concrete by transverse reinforcement is considered not in Case 1 but in Case 2. Also, we studied the propriety of making use of the method in which a carbon fiber rod replace spiral reinforcement in RC piers. In experimental tests, a welded-tied and spiral reinforcement has a good seismic capacity, but a carbon fiber rod presents low ductility in comparison with a hooked-tied reinforcement. In an analytical study, displacement ductility is approximate to the experimental result because of considering the confinement effect of the transverse reinforcement. Even if the confinement effect of the transverse reinforcement is considered, the analytical results for ductility of the specimens with welded-tied and spiral reinforcement show an excessive underestimation of the experimental results.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.465-481
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• 2018

The use of external carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates is one of the most effective techniques existing for the confinement of circular concrete specimens. Currently, several researches have been made to develop models for predicting the ultimate conditions of this type of confinement. As most of the major existing models were developed based on limited experimental database. This paper presents the development of new confinement ultimate conditions, strength and strain models, for concrete cylinders confined with CFRP composites based on a statistical analysis of a large existing experimental database of 310 cylindrical concrete specimens wrapped with CFRP. The database is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed and major existing strength and strain models. Based on the two different statistical indices, the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), the two proposed confinement ultimate conditions presents a good performance compared to the major existing models except the models of Lam and Teng (2003) and Youssef et al. (2007) which have relatively similar performance to the proposed models.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.79-92
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• 2022

The amount and configuration of transverse reinforcement are known as critical parameters that significantly affect the lateral confinement of concrete, the ductility capacity, and the plastic hinge length of RC columns. Based on test results, this study investigated the effect of the three variables on structural indexes such as neutral axis depth, lateral expansion of concrete, and ductility capacity. Five reinforced concrete column specimens were tested under cyclic flexure and shear while simultaneously subjected to a constant axial load. The columns were reinforced by two types of reinforcing steel: rectangular hoops and spiral type reinforcing bars. The variables in the test program were the shape, diameter, and yield strength of transverse reinforcement. The interactive influence of the amount of transverse reinforcement on the structural indexes was evaluated. Test results showed that when amounts of transverse reinforcement were similar, and yield strength of transverse reinforcement was 600 MPa or less, the neutral axis depth of a column with spiral type reinforcing bars was reduced by 28% compared with that of a column reinforced by existing rectangular hoops at peak strength. While the diagonal elements of spiral-type reinforcing bars significantly contributed to the lateral confinement of concrete, the strain of diagonal elements decreased with increases of their yield strength. It was confirmed that shapes of transverse reinforcement significantly affected the lateral confinement of concrete adjacent to plastic hinges. Transverse reinforcement with a yield strength exceeding 600 MPa, however, increased the neutral axis depth of normal-strength concrete columns at peak strength, resulting in reductions in ductility and energy dissipation capacity.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.292-300
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• 2024

Kinetic simulations have been performed on an Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion (IECF) device. These simulations were performed using the particle-in-cell (PIC) method to analyze the behavior of ions in an IEC device and the effects of some parameters on the Confinement Time (CT). CT is an essential factor that significantly contributes to the IEC's performance as a nuclear fusion device. Using the PIC method, the geometry of a two-grided device with variable grid radius, the number of cathode grid rings, variable pressure and different dielectric thickness for the feed stalk was simulated. In this research, with the development of previous works, the interaction of particles was simulated and compared with previous results. The simulation results are in good agreement with the previous results. In these simulations, it was found that with the increase of the dielectric thickness of the feed stalk, the electric field was weakened and as a result, the confinement time was reduced. On the other hand, with the increase of the cathode radius, the confinement time increased. Using the results, an IEC device can be designed with higher efficiency and more optimal CT for ions.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.587-600
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• 2024

In order to investigate the seismic performance of regionally confined concrete circular column with trapezoid stirrups (TRCCC) under high axial compression ratio, the confinement mechanism of regionally confined concrete was analyzed. Three regionally confined concrete circular columns with trapezoid stirrups were designed, and low cyclic loading tests were conducted at three different axial compression ratios (0.9, 1.1, 1.25) to study the failure mode, hysteresis curve, skeleton curve, deformation capacity, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens. The results indicate that the form of regional confinement concrete provides more uniform confinement to the normal confinement, and the confinement efficiency at the edges is 1.4 times that of normal confined concrete. The ductility coefficients of the specimens were all greater than 3 under high axial compression ratios, and the stiffness and horizontal bearing capacity increased with the increase of axial compression ratio. Therefore, it is recommended that the code of design specifications can appropriately relax the axial compression ratio limit for TRCCC. Finally, the spacing between stirrups of TRCCC was analyzed using ABAQUS software. The results showed that as the spacing between the stirrups decreased, the cracking load and peak load of TRCCC increased continuously, but the rate of increase decreases.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.953-958
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• 2001

A retrofit method “Steel Ring Confinement Retrofit” was proposed and discussed on the material and member characteristics through experiments. Steel Ring Confinement Retrofit consist of confining steel ring and expansive concrete. The steel ring is set on the footing, surrounding the base of the pier. By placing expansive concrete between the pier and steel ring, chemical prestress is introduced in the members. Chemical prestressed ring concrete enlarge the pier section and enhance both the strength and ductility of the pier. It was confirmed that Various Ring Confinement Retrofit improved the strength of the pier up to 30% ~ 100% with experiments.