• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 자동차 내장재에 적용되고 있는 플라스틱 합성물질의 화재위험성을 알아보기 위하여 콘칼로리미터를 이용한 열방출특성, 연기밀도시험기를 이용한 연기발생특성 및 독성지수시험기를 이용한 유 독성을 측정하였다. 자동차 내장재를 구성하고 있는 주요 부위별로 3종류씩 총 12개의 시편을 준비하여 실험하였다. 콘칼로리미터 실험결과, PVC sheet 및 PVC leather가 약 2초의 가장 빠른 착화시간을 보였으며, 12개의 시편 중 8개의 시편이 10초 이내의 착화시간을 나타냈다. 최대열방출률은 232~635$kW/m^2$ 정도로서 나일론과 PE로 구성된 플로우매트가 $635kW/m^2$의 가장 큰 최대열방출률을 보였다. Rubber로 구성된 보조매트는 최대열방출률은 가장 낮았지만 총열방출은 가장 큰 값을 보였다. 연기밀도시험기 실험 결과, rubber로 구성된 보조매트는 약 924의 가장 큰 연기밀도값을 보였으며, 초기연기발생량을 확인할수 있는 VOF4값은 PVC leather로 구성된 시트가 가장 큰 값을 나타냈다. 독성지수시험기 실험결과, 대부분의 시편에서 이산화탄소의 치사농도를 초과하였고, PVC를 포함하고 있는 시편에서 염화수소 및 브롬화수소의 검출수치가 비교적 높게 나타났으며, 치사농도를 초과하였다. 13가지 특정가스의 치사농도와 발생농도를 이용한 독성지수는 PVC sheet가 상대적으로 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 모든 시편의 독성지수 1을 초과하는 결과를 보였다.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제19권1_2호
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• pp.261-280
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• 2005

We study the existence and nonexistence of positive periodic solutions of a non-autonomous functional differential equation with impulses. The equations we study may be of delay, advance or mixed type functional differential equations and the impulses may cause the existence of positive periodic solutions. The methods employed are fixed-point index theorem, Leray-Schauder degree, and upper and lower solutions. The results obtained are new, and some examples are given to illustrate our main results.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권3호
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• pp.319-323
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• 2009

건자재로서 나무 결함중의 하나는 그의 가연성이다. 본 연구의 목적은 한국에서 자란 리기다 소나무와 밤나무의 연소성질을 시험하는 것과 건자재로서의 사용에 대한 바람직한 특성을 알아내는 것이다. 콘칼로리미터(ISO 5660-1)는 열방출율과 CO, $CO_2$ 발생과 연기차폐와 같은 연기지수를 측정하는 데 이용되어 졌다. $50kW/m^2$의 열속하에서 밤나무의 평균열방출율은 소나무의 평균열방출율 $150.77kW/m^2$ 과 비교하여 $160.7kW/m^2$ 을 나타내었다. 밤나무는 소나무에 비해 숯생성으로 인한 증대된 난연성을 보였다. 밤나무는 소나무에 비하여 높은 CO 수율과 높은 CO/$CO_2$ 수율을 나타내었다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 초청강연 및 논문집
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• pp.1466-1483
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• 2008

This paper discusses the development of an up-to-date computerized CPT (Cone Penetration Test) based soil engineering classification system to provide geotechnical engineers with a handy tool for their daily design activities. Five CPT soil engineering classification systems are incorporated in this effort. They include the probabilistic region estimation and fuzzy classification methods, both developed by Zhang and Tumay, the Schmertmann, the Douglas and Olsen, and the Robertson et al. methods. In the probabilistic region estimation method, a conformal transformation is used to determine the soil classification index, U, from CPT cone tip resistance and friction ratio. A statistical correlation is established between U and the compositional soil type given by the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The soil classification index, U, provides a soil profile over depth with the probability of belonging to different soil types, which more realistically and continuously reflects the in-situ soil characterization, which includes the spatial variation of soil types. The CPT fuzzy classification on the other hand emphasizes the certainty of soil behavior. The advantage of combining these two classification methods is realized through implementing them into visual basic software with three other CPT soil classification methods for friendly use by geotechnical engineers. Three sites in Louisiana were selected for this study. For each site, CPT tests and the corresponding soil boring results were correlated. The soil classification results obtained using the probabilistic region estimation and fuzzy classification methods are cross-correlated with conventional soil classification from borings logs and three other established CPT soil classification methods.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2007

In the study, the cone index, the cohesion and the internal friction angle of soil were measured before and after tillage in order to suggest relative improvement in soil properties by comparing the two measured values before and after tillage. The tillage methods tested in the study were five combinations of plowing and rotovating; one plow tillage operation, one plow followed by one rotary, one plow followed by two rotary, one rotary without plow and two rotary without plow. The experiments were performed in a soil bin in Sunggyunkwan Univ. and in four selected test fields in Yeoju, Seodun-Dong, Suwon (especially, two different fields) and Chungju. In general, the internal friction angle and cohesion of soil increased with the increase of soil compaction. After applying the tillage operations, the internal friction angle reduced by 14 degree and the cohesion decreased up to about $2.2N/cm^2$ on the soil bin in comparison with those before tillage. The two values, however, reduced by 9 degree and up to about $1.0N/cm^2$ on the tested fields. The CIs for all the tillage operations on the soil bin and on 4 different test fields were decreased by 800 kPa in comparison with those before tillage. The best combination of tillage operations for decreasing the CIs of soil was one plow operation followed by one rotary. The CIs for one plow operation followed by two rotary were slightly higher than that for one plow operation followed by one rotary because one plow operation followed by two rotary crushed down the soil excessively, so that the porosity of soil decreased.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2021

The study for soil has been conducted separately by several areas such as soil mechanics and soil chemistry. Soil is important in terms of prediction of how the plant grow with nutrient requirement. Also, soil is important for machines to work on to solve labor shortage and save farmers from harsh environment during farm work. To meet diverse needs related to soil in agriculture, the soil related study needs to be conducted synthetically. Thus, we tried to obtain the data related to soil chemistry including pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) with data related to soil mechanics including Cone Index (CI), moisture content, soil classification. Specifically, the condition of the field was set to be cultivated at least for five years continuously at a first step. The soil was taken from 30 sites. CI was obtained using the soil penetrometer and soil classification was conducted using sieve analysis with eight kinds of sieve. The soil was taken on December when is during winter in Korea. There was variation of data including moisture content and CI.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.193-198
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• 2023

Background: The nose is located at the center of the face, and it is possible to determine race, sex, and the like. Research using the nasal index (NI) classification method to classify the shape of the nose is currently in progress. However, domestic research is required as most research is being conducted abroad. In this study, we used a 3D program to confirm the ratio of the nose shape of Koreans. Methods: One hundred patients (50 males and 50 females) in their 20s were evaluated (IRB approval no. DKUDH IRB 2020-01-007). Cone beam computed tomography was performed using the Mimics ver.22 (Materialise Co., Leuven, Belgium) 3D program to model the patient's skull and soft tissues into three views: coronal, sagittal, and frontal. To confirm the ratio of measurement metrics, analysis was performed using the SPSS ver. 23.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) program. Results: Ten leptorrhine (long and narrow) type, 76 mesorrhine (moderate shape) type, and 14 platyrrhine (broad and short) type noses were observed. In addition, as a result of sex comparison, five males had the leptorrhine (long and narrow) type, 40 mesorrhine (moderate shape), and five platyrrhine (broad and short) types. For females, five patients had the leptorrhine (long and narrow) type, 36 patients had the mesorrhine (moderate shape) type, and nine patients had the platyrrhine (broad and short) type. Conclusion: This study will be helpful when performing nose-related surgeries and procedures in clinical practice and for similar studies in the future.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to apply a newly developed free software program, at low cost and with minimal time, to evaluate the quality of dental and maxillofacial cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: A polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom, CQP-IFBA, was scanned in 3 CBCT units with 7 protocols. A macro program was developed, using the free software ImageJ, to automatically evaluate the image quality parameters. The image quality evaluation was based on 8 parameters: uniformity, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), noise, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), spatial resolution, the artifact index, geometric accuracy, and low-contrast resolution. Results: The image uniformity and noise depended on the protocol that was applied. Regarding the CNR, high-density structures were more sensitive to the effect of scanning parameters. There were no significant differences between SNR and CNR in centered and peripheral objects. The geometric accuracy assessment showed that all the distance measurements were lower than the real values. Low-contrast resolution was influenced by the scanning parameters, and the 1-mm rod present in the phantom was not depicted in any of the 3 CBCT units. Smaller voxel sizes presented higher spatial resolution. There were no significant differences among the protocols regarding artifact presence. Conclusion: This software package provided a fast, low-cost, and feasible method for the evaluation of image quality parameters in CBCT.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.397-403
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the present status of subsoil compaction, and subsoil compaction management in orchard as a basic study for developing a self-propelled explosive subsoiler. Subsoil compaction was evaluated using the soil penetration resistance. Soil cone index was measured using the DIK 5520 type cone penetrometer in several fruit farms such as apple, pear, peach and grapes during growing seasons of these fruit in Jecheon, Gamgok, Choongju, Cheonan and Hwasung areas. Most of the subsoil managing machinery were either explosive type or digging type attached to the tractor or power tiller and turning radius of this machine was more than 3-5 m. Many of the farmers wanted to use the subsoiler which can put lime into soil and rupture soil at the same time. For most of the orchard fields, soil penetration resistance in vehicle traffic area was increased quickly and reached about 1.0 MPa in 5 cm soil depth. As the soil depth increased to 15-20 cm, cone penetration resistance reached about 2.0-2.5 MPa which restricted root growth seriously. Thus it was concluded that one of the main reason for increasing the soil compaction in orchard fields is agricultural vehicle traffic. In the vicinity of fruit trees, compaction is not so serious compared to that of the vehicle traffic area, but as the soil depth increased to 20-25 cm, in most of the orchard fields soil penetration resistance reached about 2.0-2.5 MPa which is the root growth-limiting value. Considering the rooting depth of fruit trees which ranged 30-60 cm for apple, pear and peach, and 20-30 cm for grape, it is necessary to loosen the subosoil and improve the subsoil conditions using subsoiler.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.345-355
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether predicting maturation of the midpalatal suture is possible by classifying its morphology on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and to investigate relationships with other developmental age indices. Methods: The morphology of the midpalatal suture was assessed by using CBCT images of 99 patients. Axial plane images of the midpalatal suture were classified into five stages according to the classification scheme. To make the assessment more accurate, the morphology and fusion of the midpalatal suture were additionally investigated on coronal cross-sectional planar images and volume-rendered images. Bone age was evaluated using the hand and wrist method (HWM) and cervical vertebrae method (CVM); dental age (Hellman's index), sex, and chronological age were also assessed. To evaluate relationships among variables, Spearman's rho rank test was performed along with crosstabs using contingency coefficients. Results: The HWM and CVM showed strong correlations with the maturation stage of the midpalatal suture, while other indices showed relatively weak correlations (p < 0.01). Through crosstabs, the HWM and CVM showed high association values with CBCT stage; the HWM demonstrated slightly higher values (p < 0.0001). Based on the HWM, the midpalatal suture was not fused until stage 6 in both sexes. Conclusions: Among developmental age indices, the HWM and CVM showed strong correlations and high associations, suggesting that they can be useful in assessing maturation of the midpalatal suture.