• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.883-892
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• 2014

Free-to-play business model, which first commercialized in Korea, now becomes crucial sales drivers in the game industry, but the theoretical background is not well known that most of free-to-play content business models are developed based on the guts and trial-and-errors. In this study, we verified that the price discrimination theory in economics is the backbone of the free-to-play business model, and we also derived the three boundary conditions that should be satisfied in the business model design. We reviewed the three boundary conditions of free-to-play business model using case studies of previous games, and showed how the boundary conditions should work in the actual business. Through case studies, we tried to suggest the theoretical basis of free-to-play business model design, and sales enhancing techniques in free-to-play business.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.20
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• pp.129-150
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• 2003

Software license agreements, to be useful in the mass market, could not be individually negotiated, and had to be standardized and concise. The software license agreement needs to be presented to the licensee-users in a fashion that would allow for mass distribution of software, also for it to enforceable, that would draw the users' attention to the terms and conditions under which the publisher allowed the use of the software. These needs have been accomplished, with or without fail, through so called the "shrink-wrap licenses" Shrink-wrap licenses purpose to transfer computer softwares to their users by defining the terms and conditions of use of the software without implicating the "first sale doctrine" of the Copyright Act. These shrink-wrap licenses have become essential to the software industry. However, in USA, the law applicable to these licenses has been unclear and unsettled. Courts have struggled to develop a coherent framework governing their enforceability. Meanwhile, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws ("NCCUSL") in USA promulgated the Uniform Computer Information Transaction Act ("UCITA") governing contracts for computer information transaction on July 29, 1999. One clear objective of UCITA was to settle the law governing the enforceability of shrink-wrap licenses. In these respects, this paper first introduces the various forms that shrink-wrap licenses take(at Part II. Section 1.), and explains the main advantages of them(at Part II. Section 2.) Here it shows how shrink-wrap licenses value themselves for both software publishers and users, including that shrink-wrap licenses are a valuable contracting tool because they provide vital information and rights to software users and because they permit the contracting flexibility that is essential for today's software products. Next, this paper describes the current legal framework applicable to shrink-wrap licenses in USA(at Part III). Here it shows that in USA the development of case law governing shrink-wrap licenses occurred in two distinct stages. At first stage, judicial hostility toward shrink-wrap licenses marked such that they were not enforced pursuant to Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code. At second stage, courts began to recognize the pervasiveness of shrink-wrap licenses, their indispensability to the rapidly expanding information technology industry, and the urgent need to enforce such licenses in order to maintain low prices for consumers of computer hardware or software, resulting in the recognition of shrink-wrap licenses. Finally, in view of the importance of UCITA, this paper examines how it will affect the enforceability of shrink-wrap licenses(at Part IV). The drafters of UCITA, as well as the scholars and practitioners who have criticized it, agree that it validates shrink-wrap licenses, provided certain procedural protections are afforded to purchasers. These procedural protections include the licensee end-user must (i) manifest his assent to the shrink-wrap license, (ii) have an opportunity to review the shrink-wrap license, (iii) have a right to return the product without costs.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.53-74
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• 2009

INCOTERMS have been changed almost every 10 years since ICC established INCOTERMS as trade terms for International transaction. Recently transportation has become bigger, and modernized by means of electronic appliances such as RFID, IT, and containerization. FRC, FOR/FOT, FOA were added in INCOTERMS1980 and every conditions are unified into three alphabets in INCOTERMS1990. The best features of INCOTERMS2000 are that FCA substitute FRC, FOR/FOT, FOA and customs formalities were simplified to make clear for each party of contract. It seems that business circles still stick to old customs of their trade like FOB or CIF not only in Korea but in an international practice even though there have been several revisions of INCOTERMS until now. ICC have tried to provide INCOTERMS3000 to solve problems between a theory and an actual condition of international trade. This study has tried to suggest opinions against INCOTERMS3000 and has surveyed a recognition, an actual using situation and issues of INCOTERMS to get improvements. For a recognition of INCOTERMS has been spread as you can find at tables many kinds of business circles still stick to old customs of their trade terms FOB and CIF. Now there are two alternative plans. Firstly, we need to suggest improvements against inconsistency of INCOTERMS to be applied on newly revised INCOTERMS3000 and educating business circles to use proper conditions of INCOTERMS for their doing business. Secondly, we shall participate in revising INCOTERMS to activate multimodal transport conditions of INCOTERMS and provide solutions to fill gap between a theory and an actual condition of international trade. It seems that terms of multimodal transport such as FCA, CPT, or CIP can be a perfect condition for each party of contract. We have examined the inconsistent features of Ship's rail and notions of on board, and observed how to activate multimodal transport terms. These would be hot issues of next revision of INCOTERMS and we provided improvements on each trade terms, THC charges, or others against INCOTERMS.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.17
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• pp.7-35
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• 2002

In many international financing transactions Korean companies are required to issue a guarantee. Thus far, however, legal issues on international guarantees have not been fully discussed in Korea. This is partly because most of the international guarantees are governed by a foreign law such as English law or the laws of the State of New York. In this articles the author examines major concepts or terms and conditions of a typical international guarantee, e.g., language on consideration, primary obligor, joint and several guarantee, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee, continuing guarantee, right of subrogation, representations and warranties, covenant or undertaking, currency indemnity, assignment, participation, governing law and jurisdiction clause, etc. For reference, standard forms of a guarantee and a standby letter of credit are attached to the article. In examining the terms and conditions, the author compares them with similar or equivalent concepts under Korean law. The author further discusses some Korean law issues that may arise under international guarantees governed by a foreign law. These issues include the application of the ultra vires doctrine under Article 34 of the Civil Code of Korea, the validity of an international guarantee which a Korean company has issued in violation of the guarantee ceiling set under Article 10 of the Law on Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade of Korea and the validity of an international guarantee which a Korean party has issued in violation of the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law. In addition, the author discusses some issues under a so-called independent guarantee and a standby letter of credit. In this regard, reference is made to the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantee (URDG), International Standby Practices (ISP98) and the Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit adopted by the United Nations in 1995. Finally, the author examines major terms and conditions of typical comfort letters and discusses some legal issues, such as the binding force of the comfort letter. In dealing with the issues the author underscores that to the extent the issues are not properly dealt with by an international norm such as Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits or ISP 98, the issues must be analyzed by reference to the governing law of the relevant instrument.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.12-20
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• 2017

The study examined effects of psychological change of distribution environment upon commercial areas to investigate consumers' experience and theory and to suggest power of new management strategy for growth of retailers A The study investigated actual conditions of business transaction of hyper market by blind interview. In April, 2016, the author visited 6 manufacturers to do depth interview. The questionnaire between food manufacturers and hyper market investigated the Association of Food Industries in Korea, NH Nonghyup and large manufacturers in July 2012. Questionnaires of 25 companies were used after excluding questionnaire having poor and inadequate answers. The sales commission with large scaled distribution business decreased (0.3 ~ 0.7) to increase additional expenses such as number of salesmen, interior expenses and economic costs (0.7 ~ 40%). (source: Fair Trade Commission). Fair Trade Commission released types and notice of unfair trade of large scaled retail business based on monopoly regulation and fair trade (hereinafter called 'notice of large scaled retail) to prevent large scaled distribution business from doing unfair trade. The notice controled unfair trade at different position between large scaled distribution business and small vendors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.906-917
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• 2011

This study identified the present state of store and selection criteria of supplier from the regional fashion buyer point of view and examined the effects of the factors of relative impact between buyer and supplier on the relational bond. The interviews and questionnaires were administered to the owners or the sellers of 85 fashion retail stores in Gwangju. For analysis of data, frequency, means, factor analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ and regression analysis were applied. The results were as follows. First, in the results of examining the actual conditions of store managers for fashion buyers, fashion buyers complained about lengthy travelling and time consumption inconvenience. They also reported decrease in margin and monthly mean sales over last year. Second, the most important selection the criteria for the supplier were product power, followed by a convenient store layout. Finally, higher quality communication, more compromises, and higher dependence were affected with higher satisfaction, trust, and commitment in suppliers; conversely, the trust and commitment of the buyers decreased relative to the increased power of the suppliers.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.33-44
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• 2020

Small and medium enterprises need a wide range of information regarding technologies, industries, market conditions, other companies, and products to facilitate identification of new growth opportunities and to respond quickly to changes in the business environment. Collecting such information, however, requires the input of resources (human resources, cost, and time), and the lack of marketability resulting from the shortage of such resources is often cited as the reason small and medium often fail in their effort to commercialize their technology. The purpose of this study was to analyze the environmental factors such as market concentration and the current level of competition to enable companies to make the necessary decisions when considering market entry following R&D planning and technology commercialization, or after the development of a new product. Also, an expert-based 5FORCE analysis can be performed using the KMAPS, an industry and market intelligence system: this facilitates automatic production of analyses based on the corporate finance and transaction data. The key contribution of the study is that it facilitates conveniently and quickly analyzing the 5 Forces, which had been a difficult task in the environmental analysis, and that the outcomes of this study empower companies in the decision-making process.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.473-482
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• 2021

In this study, we attempted to estimate the degree of management of chestnut forestry households in Chungcheongnam-do and to provide information for establishing chestnut cultivation-related policies. The chestnut management standard diagnostic table consists of three major categories, namely, management base, management and sales capacity, and production technology levels, along with 19 subcategories. A survey of 309 chestnut forestry households was conducted from 2014 to 2019 in Gongju, Cheongyang, and Buyeo in Chungcheongnam-do. The average score for the 19 subcategories was 65.7 points, indicating that these areas have excellent management conditions. When the total score was higher, the output per hectare and the rate of top-grade products in the total output were also higher, indicating a significant correlation. These findings will be useful for providing consulting services to chestnut growers as they highlight the correlation between the higher scores of the indicators in the chestnut management standard diagnostic table and the management performance of the farmers. We found that the scores of the indicators for management and sale skill, such as management record and analysis, material purchase, and direct transaction with consumers, were relatively lower than those of the indicators for management base and production skill. It is assumed that the chestnut growers aging has led to negligence in recording details on incomes, expenditures, and work and lowered the willingness to make substantial profits. Therefore, it is essential to overcome these problems for profitable chestnut farming.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.198-206
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• 2005

The single sourcing policy, in which an automobile manufacturer purchases identical or similar parts from one supplier, has an advantage of scale economy. Meanwhile, multiple sourcing policy, which allows procuring similar parts from multiple suppliers, has benefits of dispersing risks and promoting competition among suppliers. This paper analyzes the procurement policies by presenting a model of the Japanese automobile parts trade. It concludes that maturity of technology involved should be taken into account besides above-mentioned factors which have traditionally been recognized. For parts produced using evolving technologies, the single sourcing enhances purchaser’s benefits because of the scale economy in learning process. In the meantime, multiple sourcing is more beneficial to the purchaser if the parts are based on mature technologies. In either policy, if the technology involved is evolving, motivating suppliers by returning a great part of cost reduction as a reward to them may eventually increase profit for the purchaser. The conclusion supports the situation where the number of suppliers is being cut down as the trend of modularization and system deliveries of parts progresses in the auto parts industry, and suggests that returning part of benefits to parts suppliers may be encouraged from the viewpoint of auto manufacturers’ own interest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1342-1353
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information to be helpful in establishing more rational prices discount strategy in prices discount advertising. The experiment design for study was a $3{\times}2{\times}3$ between subject factorial design in which the factors were discount presentation types(discount price presentation/discount rate presentation/discount price and discount rate presentation), existence of normal price presentation(presentation/ non-presentation) and semantic cues(regular sales/markdown on the previous season's product/storehouse opening sales). Thirty subjects were randomized in one of 18 experimental conditions. The subjects of this study were 540 female university students in Kwangju, Korea. The results were as follows; 1. Significant interaction effects between discount presentation types and the semantic cues were found in perceived transaction value(p<.01), perceived acquisition value(p<.05), and purchase intention(p<.05)- It means that discount presentation types in prices discount advertising need to present differently according to price discount types. 2. Significant interaction effects between existence of normal price and the semantic cues were not found. It means that normal price need to present in prices discount advertising regardless of price discount types.