• 설비공학논문집
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.252-259
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to estimate the movement of microbial contaminant caused by bio-attack using bio-agent such as bacillus anthracis for preventing contaminant diffusion. multizone simulation was carried out in the case of three types of bio-attack scenario in the government building. Simulation results show that severe contaminant diffusion is brought about in all cases of bio-attack scenario in one hour, though pollution boundaries have different mode according to bio-attack scenarios. Simulation results also show that immune building technology such as filter and UVGI technology gives us powerful alternatives to meet the emergent situation caused by unexpected bio-attack.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.239-244
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were to examine applicability of limestone as a conditioning agent and to determine the optimum conditions for improving dewaterability of digested sludge. The optimum conditions for temp., pH, dosage, particle size, time, and pressure was $30^{\circ}C$, 7, 45 g/l, 100 mesh, 30 min., and $2.66 {\times} 10^4 N/m^2$, respectively. On the basis of induced optimum conditions, if adding limestone in digested sludge, it estimated that its specific resistance was $1.43 {\times} 1012 m/kg$. Therefore, it seemed that we could utilize limestone as conditioning agent for improving dewaterability of digested sludge.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.881-890
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• 2010

As Influenza A virus(H1N1) has been spreading more rapidly around globe, the study on the airborne disease which is transimitted through the respiratory system is on the rise. In this study, the multizone simulation of the public building against bioviolence is performed in the case of unexpected spread of microbial contaminants, such as bioviolence agent, Influenza A, Smallpox, B. anthrax and transport and control characteristics of above three kinds of bioviolence agents are evaluted. Results suggest that Influenza A and Smallpox which has small mean diameter can be more removable than B. anthrax by using high UVGI grade condition and B. anthrax which has large mean diameter can be more removable than Influenza A and Smallpox by using high filter grade condition. Results also suggest that installing a combined air treatment system is more effective to reduce the damage and engineers will use immune building technology for removing the bioviolence agents effectively.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 1998

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of mechanical and chemical drying agents at mowing on the field drying rate and hay quality of orchardgrass dominant pasture plants. The mower conditioner /chemical drying agent ($K_2CO_3$ 2% conditioning, $K_2CO_3$ 2% + conditioning and control) were treated at different harvest stages (late boot, heading and bloom stage) for hastening hay manufacture in 1996. After field dry, four square bales were made by hay baler, and the visual estimation and nutritive value of hay were evaluated after storing two months. The field drying rate of pasture plants was higher with delayed stage of harvest, and mechanical and mechanical + chemical, but chemical alone was very low. In mower conditioning, the duration of field dry was shortened by 0.5 to 1 day compared with $K_2CO_3$ and 1.5 to 2 days compared with control. The dry matter loss of hay was reduced by late harvest and mechanical, and mechanical + chemical, but the score by chemical alone was very low. The visual score (leafiness, green color, odor and softness) of hay after storage was high in mechanical and mechanical + chemical, but the score by chemical alone was very low. Nutritive value (ADF, NDF, digestibility, and relative feed value) of hay was also high with treatment of mechanical and mechanical + chemical, but the quality by chemical alone was similar compared with control. The quality of hay was very low when harvested at bloom stage. In conclusion, mower conditioning can enhance the field drying rate of orchardgrass dominant pasture plants, however the drying efficiency of chemical drying agent was very low. Harvesting at early heading to heading stage was recommened for manufacture of high quality hay.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.719-730
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of tetracycline HCL, Citric acid and PrefGel applied on the root surfaces that planed with periodontal curret with Roto bur. In this study, 20 extracted teeth with advanced periodontal disease were used. The teeth were root planing with periodontal curette and Roto bur. Following root planing, each agents was burnished on the prepared root surface for 3 minutes to find opened dentinal tubules. And then, each specimens were investigated using scanning electron microscope. Amount of remained cementum by loss of tooth substance index and the number of opened dentinal tubules were evaluated to each specimens The results were as follows. 1. Groups treated with periodontal curette were almost seemed no removed. Other groups treated with Roto bur showed partially opened dentinal tubule orifices. 2. Loss of tooth substance index were compared between groups. There was no statistically difference between periodontal curette groups. Between Roto bur groups was alike. But there were statistically differences between periodontal curette and Roto bur groups. 3. At comparing with various root conditioning agents, Tetracycline HCL group took statistically higher than Citric acid and PrefGel in opened dentinal tubules. On the other hand, there was no statistically difference between Citric acid group and PrefGel group. As a result of this study, groups treated with Roto bur showed more cementum removed than groups treated with periodontal curette. In a treatment for regeneration of periodontal tissue, it was regarded that Roto bur should be used and that Tetracycline HCL would be more effective as chemical root conditioning agent.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.180-190
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• 2021

Purpose. This study aimed to assess the influence of various micromechanical surface conditioning (MSC) strategies with or without coupling agent (silane) application on the micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) of resin- matrix ceramics (RMCs). Materials and Methods. GC Cerasmart (GC), Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (VE), Voco Grandio (VG), and Brilliant Crios (BC) were cut into 1.0-mm-thick slices (n = 32 per RMC) and separated into four groups according to the MSC strategy applied: control-no conditioning (C), air-borne particle abrasion with aluminum oxide particles (APA), 2W- and 3W-Er,Cr:YSGG group coding is missing. The specimens in each group were further separated into silane-applied and silane-free subgroups. Each specimen received two resin cement microtubules (n = 8 per subgroup). A shear force was applied to the adhesive interface through a universal test machine and µSBS values were measured. Data were statistically analyzed by using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Failure patterns were scrutinized under stereomicroscope. Results. RMC material type, MSC strategy, and silanization influenced the µSBS values (P<.05). In comparison to the control group, µSBS values increased after all other MSC strategies (P<.05) while the differences among these strategies were insignificant (P>.05). For control and APA, there were insignificant differences between RMCs (P>.05). The silanization decreased µSBS values of RMCs except for VE. Considerable declines were observed in GC and BC (P<.05). Conclusion. MSC strategies can enhance bond strength values at the RMC - cement interface. However, the choice of MSC strategy is dependent on RMC material type and each RMC can require a dedicated way of conditioning.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.265-278
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• 2021

When a dangerous event arises for people inside a building and an immediate evacuation is required, it is important that suitable routes have been previously defined. These situations can happen especially when buildings are crowded, making the occupants have a very high vulnerability and can be trapped if they do not evacuate quickly and safely. However, in most cases, routes are considered based just on their proximity or short distance to the exit areas, and evacuation simulations that include more variables are not performed. This work aims to propose a methodology for building's indoor evacuation activities under the premise of processing simulation scenarios in multi-agent environments. In the methodology, importance indexes of simplified and validated geometry data from a BIM (Building Information Modeling) are considered as heuristic input data in a proposed algorithm. The algorithm is based on AP-Theta^* pathfinding and collision avoidance machine learning techniques. It also includes conditioning variables such as the number of people, speed of movement as well as reaction ability of the agents that influence the evacuation times. Moreover, collision avoidance is applied between people or with objects along the route. The simulations using the proposed algorithm are tested in NetLogo for diverse scenarios, showing feasible evacuation routes and calculating evacuation times in a multi-agent environment. The experimental results are obtained by applying the method in a study case and demonstrate the level of effectiveness of the algorithm, and the influence of the conditioning variables analyzed together when performing safe evacuation routes.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.468-476
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to observe the morphologic change of dentinal surface, adhesion in interface between dentin and bonding agents, and penetration pattern of resin tags into dentinal tubles according to bonding procedure of ONE-STEP universal adhesive system. Ten extracted human molars were mounted in dental stone and sectioned to expose mid-coronal occlusal dentin and again sectioned tooth crown apically. Specimens were randomly assigned to three groups for dentin conditioning with 32% phoshoric acid, two coats of bonding agents after dentin conditioning, and bond of composite resin. The surfaces of dentin were treated with etch ant and applied bonding agent, and bonded composite resin according to the directions of manufacturer. Specimens which were boned composite were sectioned longitudinally for observing interfaces between resin and dentin. Two of specimens which were sectioned longitudinally were immersed in 6 N HCL for 30 seconds and 1% NaOCL for 12 hours to partially demineralize and deproteinize the dentin substrate. Each specimen was mounted on a brass stub, sputter-coated with gold and observed under SEM. The result were as follows : 1. On the dentinal surface which was conditioned with 32% phosphoric acid. the smear layer was completely removed. orifices of dentinal tubules were opened 3-$5{\mu}m$ wide. and dentinal surface was irregular. 2. On the dentinal surface which was applied ONE-STEP. bonding agent. resin particles were observed on the orifices of dentinal tubules and intertubular dentin. 3. There were close adaptation between dentin and resin and were the pattern which composite invaded into dentin. 4. 1-$3{\mu}m$-wide hybrid layer was visible in the interface between dentin and resin. 5. Long and funnel shaped resin tags were observed in demineralized specimens. and the surfaces of tags were rough.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.323-328
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• 1998

본 시험은 속성건조에 의한 가을연맥의 건초 조제 가능성을 알아보고자 조생계통인 Swan을 공시하여 8월 24일 파종한 다음, 건초 조제시기(수잉후기, 출수기, 개화기)와 건조방법(건조제, Conditioning, 건조제 + Conditioning 및 대조구)을 달리하여 1996년 가을 축산기술연구소에서 수행되었다. 화학제인 건조제는 $K_2CO_3$ 2%를 수확 직전 기계 분무하였으며, 물리적인 Conditioning은 모델 GMR 2800 Mower Conditioner(trail type)를 사용하였고, 포장건조 후 각형 곤포를 조제하였으며, 건초의 건물손실과 외관평가는 2개월간 보관저장 후 조사하였다. 수잉후기, 출수기, 개화기로 수확이 늦어질수록 연맥의 건물수량은 증가하고 건물률은 높아진 반면 사료가치는 크게 낮아졌다. 건조속도는 건초 조제시기에 관계없이 5일간의 포장건조에도 불구하고 수분 함량이 높아 건초 조제 적기에 도달하지 못하였으며, 특히 개화기에서는 수분감소가 거의 없었다. 건조방법별 건조효과는 전반적으로 건조효과가 낮았으나 Conditioning구에서 대조구에 비해 2일정도 포장 건조기간을 단축시킬 수 있었으며 건조제 처리효과는 없었다. 건초의 건물손실은 수잉 후기에서 51.4%로 매우 높았으며, 출수기도 21.1%로 높았고, 건조방법별로는 Conditioning구와 건조제 + Conditioning 처리구에서 손실이 적은 경향이었다. 건초의 외관평가에서 수잉 후기로 조제시기가 빠를 때에는 수분 함량이 너무 높아 품질은 크게 불량하였으며, 출수기의 Conditioning구와 건조제 + Conditioning 처리구에서 80점으로 양호할 뿐 전반적으로 가을연맥 건초의 외관평점은 매우 낮았다. 이상의 결과로서 포장에서의 건조기간 단축과 건초의 품질향상을 위한 건조제 처리효과는 인정되지 않았으며 Conditioner 사용이 추천되었으나, 우리 나라에서 가을연맥의 건초 조제는 실용화하기 매우 어려운 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2001

본 시험은 봄철 속정건조에 의한 건조효과와 건초품질을 구명하여 양질의 건초를 조제코자, 알팔파(Vernal)과 연맥(Swan)을 공시하여 건조방법(건조제, conditioning, 대구조)을 달리하여 1997년 봄 수원 축산기술연구소에서 수행되었다. 수확시기는 6월 3일로 얄팔파는 개화초기, 연액은 춤수기였으며, 화학제인 건조제는 $KCO_2$ 2%를 수확직선 처리 하였고, 물리적인 conditioning은 모델 GMR 2800 trail-type mower conditioner를 사용하였다. 포장건조후 각형 곤포를 조제하였으며, 건조의 외관평가와 사료가치는 2개월간 보관저장후 분석.평가하였고, 시기별 식물체의 수분 함량은 포장상태에서 양파망을 이용 조사하였다. 건조방법별 건조속도는 conditioning구에서 우수 하였고, 전반적으로 건조제 처리효과는 낮았다. conditioning 처리시 건초조제 가능일수는 3일 정도로 건조제 처리구나 대조구에 비해 1일 이상 포장 건조기간 단축효과가 있었다. 건초의 건물손실은 알팔파와 연맥 모두 conditioning구에서 적었으며. 달관평가에서도 conditioning구에서 가장 우수하였다. 건초의 화학성분 평가에서 사료가치는 수확당시에 비해 크게 낮았는데, 이는 건조기간중 강우(7.8mm)와 저장기간중 가용성 당류의 손실에 의한 것으로 추정되며 대조구에 비해 conditioning구에서 ADF와 NDF 함량이 다소 낮고 건물소화율은 약간 높은 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과로서 알팔파와 본 연맥의 건초조제 시 포장 건조기간 단축과 품질향상을 위해서는 mower condition$\varepsilon$r 사용이 가장 바람직하였으며, 건조제 처리효과는 없었고, 전반적으로 알팔파 건초의 품질이 본 연맥에 비해 우수하였다.