• Archives of design research
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• v.13
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• pp.27-42
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• 1996

With the rapid development of nowadays technologies, the environment of product development is experiencing structural changes than ever. Manufacturers are put under never-experienced pressures to launch their products in the market both faster and less expensively than their competitors while continuously improving product quality These pressures have given birth to so-called, Concurrent Engineering which is a systematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design of products and their related processes, including manufacture and support. Most manufactiring companies now recognize the importance of concurrent engineering and put heavy emphasis on the research and impementation of concurrent engineering. However, with this fundamental change in the process of product development, designers rarely pay attention to this newly demanding process. Designers still stay in the middle of process, satisfying their roles in dealing with aesthetic points of product. Designers badly need to incorporate the concept of concurrent engineering to design to design process and to adapt to this new environment. With these backgrounds, the study sets the objective to understand the nature of concurrent engineering and explore the possibility of it's application to industrial design. Particularly this study focuses on how the concept of concurrent engineering can be applied from the stage of form development to prototyping. At first, background, objectives, and scope of the study are discussed as an introductory part. It is followed by reviewing theories of concurrent engineering such as definition, history, technologies, examples, state of art and so on. Subsequently industrial design is viewed in terms of concurrent engineering and problems in industrial design are identified. Base on the findinss of precedent part of study, new process of industrial design incorporating concurrent engineering is developed. For the demonstration of new process, a case study of design of palm-top printer is introduced. Case study shows how the sketch, and forms can be transformed into prototyping with the simultaneous cooperation with engineering and other related specialists. Finally the study in summarized and future studies are prospected.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.41-49
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• 2020

Concurrent construction offers considerable improvement for shorten the project duration of its production process. Therefore, standardized concurrent construction is widely applied in building construction projects. However, resources planning for standardized concurrent construction project is manually developed by construction manager. This practice is not effective since it is time-consuming and error-prone for managers to identify all project-specific information, distinguish different activity-resource types, interpret these types and analyze how they affect resource allocated on an ad hoc basis. Therefore, this research investigates the opportunity for leveraging activity modeling to enable automated resource planning for standardized concurrent construction during project development, with identifying the characteristics of construction activities under standardized concurrent planning and determining the activity-resources types that affects resource planning. Both will function as a basis for modeling these construction activities in a computer-interpretable manner and for automation in resource planning.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.304-312
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• 1996

Concepts, methods and tools for interactive CAD-based concurrent engineering design optimization of mechanical/structural systems and components which are critical in terms of cost development time, functionality and quality, are presented. The emphasis is on implementation of methods and capabilities for the optimization of composite structural system, and the integration of design process and manufacturing process of composite structures into standard CAD-based concurrent engineering environment The optimization of composite fuselage structures are performed under concurrent engineering environment for the example.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2001

Objectives: We performed this study to compare the short term results of induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer. Materials and Methods: From Oct. 1985 to May 1998, 121 patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer were treated with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy (induction group) or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (concurrent group), and a retrospective analysis was done. Induction chemotherapy was done for 97 patients, and concurrent chemotherapy for 24 patients. Age, sex, performance status, and pathologic types were evenly distributed between two groups. Primary site showed nasopharynx(72.2%), oropharynx(27.8%) in induction group, and nasopharynx(50%), oropharynx(50%) in concurrent group. Chemotherapy regimen was CF(cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) for 67 patients and CVB (cisplatin, vincristine, bleomycin) for 30 patients in induction group, and CF for all of 24 patients in concurrent group. Proportion of patients treated with more than 2 cycles of planned chemotherapy was 94.8% in induction group and 87.5% in concurrent group. Conventionally fractionated radiotherapy with daily fraction size of 1.8-2.0Gy and 5 fractions/week was done. Total dose was 61-95Gy (median 73.4Gy) for induction group, and 69.4-75.4Gy (median 69.4Gy) for concurrent group. Follow-up time was 4-161 months (median 38 months) for induction group, 7-35 months (median 21.5 months) for concurrent group, respectively. Results: According to treatment modality, overall 2-year survival rates were 68.0% for induction group, 74.3% for concurrent group (p>0.05). two-year disease-free survival rates were 51 % and 74% (p=0.05). Complete response rates were 67.4% for induction group and 83.3% for concurrent group (p=0.09). The incidence of grade 3-4 hematologic toxicity (2.1% vs. 25%, p=0.001) and grade 3-4 mucositis (9.3% vs. 37.5%, p=0.002) during radiotherapy was higher in concurrent group. Conclusion: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy showed a trend of improvement in short-term survival and treatment response when compared with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer. A more controlled randomized trial is needed.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Objectives : The concurrent use of Korean Medicine (KM) and Western Medicine (WM) for the management of disease are increasing. In this study, the factors determining the choice of concurrent use of KM and WM was investigated based on national survey data for the public. Methods : Survey data from 1239 people with experience treating diseases with KM were utilized for this study. The national survey data were gathered using e-mail and face-to-face interviews between December 2007 and January 2008. Results : Among people who had been treated with KM, 819 (66%) used both KM and WM to the treat same disease. Multivariable analysis revealed that concurrent users of KM and WM were significantly associated with age 40-69 (OR=1.43, 95% CI=1.12-1.82), university education or higher (OR=1.34; 95% CI=1.05-1.71), enhanced health status (OR = 0.47, 95% CI=0.35-0.62) and unsatisfied with WM (OR = 1.71, 95% CI=1.02-2.87). The respondents that reported KM was more effective than WM among concurrent users of KM and WM were significantly associated with being an office worker (OR=1.78, 95% CI=1.25-2.53), age 40-69 (OR = 0.62, 95% CI=0.44-0.86), unsatisfied with WM (OR=2.61, 95% CI=1.51-4.50) and overall satisfied with KM (OR=8.38, 95% CI=5.65-12.44) Conclusions : This study showed that two-thirds of KM user were concurrent user of KM and WM, and some influential factors determined the choice of a concurrent use of KM and WM. Therefore, Korean Medicine Doctors should consider the possibility of concurrent use, need to know the information on the benefits and risks of concurrent use.

• International Journal of CAD/CAM
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2002

Computer-Aided Reliable and Optimal Design (CAROD) system is an efficient tool defining the best compromise between cost and safety. Using the concurrent engineering concept, it can supply the designer with all numerical information in the design process. This system integrates several fields such as multidisciplinary optimization, reliability analysis, finite element analysis, geometrical modeling, sensitivity analysis and concurrent engineering. When integrating these disciplines, many difficulties are found such as model coupling and computational time. In this paper, we propose a new concurrent methodology satisfying the reliability requirement, allowing the coupling of different models and reducing the computational time. Two applications (rotating disk and hook structures) demonstrate that CAROD system can be a practical concurrent engineering application for designers.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Design Studies Conference
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• 1995.11a
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• pp.2-5
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• 1995

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.27-43
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• 2016

This study aims to better estimate the amount of time spent for child care and to understand the characteristics of time spent for child care among employed and non-employed mothers with children under age 6 by taking concurrent activities into account. To assess time spent for child care, I differentiate child care activities into three types: primary activity without concurrent activities, primary activity with concurrent activities, and secondary activity with concurrent activities. The Major results of this study are as follows: First, employed mothers spent 145 minutes less than non-employed mothers in the total amount of time spent for child care during weekdays and this difference diminished to 62 minutes on weekends. Specifically there were differences in all types of time spent for child care among employed and non-employed mothers during weekdays, while the difference was only significant in the average amount of primary time spent for child care without concurrent activities on weekends. Second, there was no difference in the average ratio of time spent for child care with concurrent activities among employed and non-employed mothers during weekdays. By contrast, the average ratio of time spent for child care with concurrent activities of employed mothers was 5% higher than non-employed mothers on weekends. Lastly, the highest concurrent activity with child care activities was leisure followed by housework. This means that child care, leisure, and housework are somewhat related to each other among mothers.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.128-137
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• 1978

Aspirin and prednisolone have been used alone or in combination in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. We have investigated the significance of the difference of the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities between single and concurrent administration of aspirin and prednisolone in rats by using carrageenan as a phlogistic agent and brewer's yeast as a fever inducing agent. When prednisolone (9mg/kg) and aspirin (24mg/kg) were administered orally alone or in combination, both of the concurrent and single adminstration inhibited highly significantly the swelling of rat paw and the concurrent adminstraiton of aspirin and prednisolone showed the significantly higher inhibitory effects than aspirin single adminstration did, whereas there were not any significant differences between the prednisolone single adminstration and combined adminstration. The combined drug of aspirin and prednisolone marketed in Korea contains 148mg of aspirin and 1.15mg of prednisolone in a tablet. Therefore, we examined the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of aspirin (150mg/kg), prednisolone (1mg/kg) and their combination. In anti-inflammatory effects, both of the concurrent and single administration inhibited higly significantly the swelling of rat paw, and the concurrent adminstration exhibited the significantly higher inhibitory effects than aspirin or prednisolon alone did. In antipyretic effects both of the concurrent and the single adminstration reduced significantly the brewer's yeast-induced fever. The effect of concurrent administration was greater than that of prednisolone single adminstration, whereas the effect of aspirin single adminstration was similar to that of combination. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects are intensified by the concurrent adminstration of aspirin and prednisolone, but the antipyretic effects of enough doses of aspirin (150mg/kg) is comparable to that of the combination preparation.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.6 no.7
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• pp.1941-1954
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• 1999

This paper presents a design and implementation of CRs(CHILL Run-time support System) to adapt the concurrent processing facilities of CHILL(CCITT High Level Language) which had recommended by ITU-T(International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector). Because the CHILL provides more various concurrent processing facilities that other concurrent programming language, a design and implementation on CRS can give us real effects to gain the major functionalities and the techniques of the concurrent processing. In this paper, we design the interface rules of concurrent functions to conform with the CHILL compiler. We use the concurrent processing primitives as the library style to be invoked by procedure calls, and implement the start-up routine of the CHILL program, the context switching routine, and the CHILL process control parts to control be execution of the CHILL processes concurrently.