• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.15 no.6 s.67
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• pp.649-660
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• 2003

The paper presents an evaluation of the tensile strength of the expansion anchor that can cause failure in the concrete based on the design of the anchorage. Tests of the heavy-duty anchor and the wedge anchor that are domestically manufactured and installed in plain concrete members are conducted to probe the effects of the embedded depth, concrete strength, and anchors spacing. The design of post-installed steel anchors is presented using the Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) approach. The CCD method is applied to predict the concrete failure load of the expansion anchor in plain concrete under monotonic loading for important applications. The concrete tension capacity of the fastenings with heavy-duty anchors and wedge anchors in plain concrete predicted using the CCD method is compared with the test results. For the CCD method, a normalization coefficient of 9.94 is appropriale for the nominal concrete breakout strength of an anchor or a group of wedge anchors in tension. On the other hand, a normalization coefficient of 11.50 is appropriate for the nominal concrete breakout strength of an anchor or a group of heavy-duty anchors in tension.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.531-546
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• 2022

Headed bars are often used when there is insufficient space for a straight or curved bar to be fully developed to ensure the transference of forces between steel and concrete in several types of connections between structural members. In such cases, the concrete breakout strength of the headed bars can be a critical point of the design and must be considered appropriately. This paper evaluates the tensile strength of headed bars embedded in reinforced concrete members, failing due to concrete breakout. Four experimental tests on headed bars embedded in slender concrete members are presented and discussed, showing that strength previsions from the design codes can be significantly conservative as they ignore the contribution from the flexural reinforcement. 3D finite element models were developed using Abaqus Unified FEA to simulate the tested specimens, and it was observed that they were able to reproduce the formation of the concrete cone accurately, besides the response and resistance observed in tests. Furthermore, the experimental, numerical, and design code resistances are compared and discussed. A new equation to evaluate the concrete cone strength of the tested headed bars is proposed, which takes into account parameters not explicitly considered in the current design equations.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.321-337
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• 2020

Contemporary design and construction of steel-concrete composite structures employs the use of prefabricated concrete elements and demountable shear connectors in order to reduce the construction time and costs and enable dismantling of elements for their potential reuse at the end of life of buildings. Bolted shear connector with mechanical coupler is presented in this paper. The connector is assembled from mechanical coupler and rebar anchor, embedded in concrete, and steel bolt, used for connecting steel to concrete members. The behaviour and ultimate resistance of bolted connector with mechanical coupler in wide and narrow members were analysed based on push-out tests and FE analyses conducted in Abaqus software, with focus on concrete edge breakout and bolt shear failure modes. The effect of concrete strength, concrete edge distance and diameter and strength of bolts on failure modes and shear resistance was analysed. It was demonstrated that premature failure by breakout of concrete edge occurs when connectors are located 100 mm or closer from the edge in low-strength and normal-strength reinforced concrete. Furthermore, the paper presents a relatively simple model for hand calculation of concrete edge breakout resistance when bolted connectors with mechanical coupler are used. The model is based on the modification of prediction model used for cast-in and post-installed anchors loaded parallel to the edge, by implementing equivalent influence length of connector with variable diameter. Good agreement with test and FE results was obtained, thus confirming the validity of the proposed method.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.381-388
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• 2013

This study presents that effect of anchor plate on concrete breakout strength was evaluated. The addition of the anchor plate is to improve the concrete breakout capacity for a single anchor system in a thin-walled concrete panel (Insulated concrete sandwich wall panel). In this study, an elasticity-based simplified model was developed and used to predict effect on the anchor plate. Flexural stresses of the plate with respect to the concrete breakout strength obtained from CCD (Capacity Concrete Design) approach were compared with the test results. Through the test results, while the concrete breakout strength was improved due to increment of the width and thickness of the anchor plate, improvement of the strength was steadily declined. In addition, the It was observed that the analytical and experimental flexure of the anchor plate was comparatively in good agreement using the simplified elastic analysis model.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.17 no.3 s.76
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• pp.271-283
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• 2005

This paper concerns the prediction of shear capacity, as governed by steel failure and concrete breakout failure, of set anchors installed in plain concrete. For this purpose, the methods to evaluate the shear capacity of the set anchors in concrete are summarized and the experimental data are compared with capacities by the two present methods : the method of ACI349-90 and the Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) method. (1) The constant-0.684 in the steel strength equation of set anchor was determined from shear test data at the 5 percent fractile probability. Consequently, it was concluded that the constant-0.6 and 0.5 in the steel strength equation for steel failure of ACI318-02 and EOTA were safe. The nominal shear strength of set anchor was proposed as following. $V_s=0.684 A_{se}f_{ut}$. (2) The CCD method was considered reasonable in estimating the concrete breakout strength of set anchors. In terms of the CCD method, the nominal concrete breakout strength of set anchor in shear was provided as follows; $V_b=0.609(\frac{\iota}{d_o})^{0.2}\sqrt{d_0}\sqrt{f_c}(c_1)^{1.5}$(N). (3) The CCD method was considered reasonable in estimating the concrete breakout strength for spacing of set anchors. The proposed equation was considered safe in estimating the concrete breakout strength for spacing of set anchors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.87-97
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• 2015

In this study, an experimental study was performed to evaluate the concrete breakout strength of cast-in-place(CIP) anchors in cracked concrete under static shear loading. The CIP anchors involved in this study were 30mm in diameter with an edge distance of 150mm and an embedment length of 240mm. The experiment was carried out for two specimens in uncracked concrete and three specimens in cracked concrete orthogonal and parallel to the direction of shear loading, respectively. Compared to the uncracked concrete specimen, cracked specimen orthogonal to the direction of shear loading showed no reduction in the concrete breakout strength and that parallel to the load direction about 91% strength which corresponds to 84% of uncracked concrete strength defined in ACI 318-11. Therefore, the experimental results showed smaller decrease in the shear resistance of CIP anchors in cracked concrete than that specified in ACI code which account for 71% strength of uncracked concrete in cracked concrete.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.451-460
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• 2016

An anchorage system is necessary in most reinforced concrete structures for connecting attachments. It is very important to predict the strength of the anchor to safely maintain the attachments to the structures. However, according to experimental results, the existing design codes are not appropriate for large anchors because they offer prediction equations only for small size anchors with diameters under 50 mm. In this paper, a new prediction model for breakout shear strength is suggested from experimental results considering the characteristics of large anchors, such as the prying effect and size effect. The proposed equations by regression analysis of the derived model equations based on the prying effect and size effect can reasonably be used to predict the breakout shear strength of not only ordinary small size anchors but also large size anchors.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.61-68
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• 2018

Tensile load tests were conducted on High-Shear Ring Anchors (HRAs) after shear load had been applied to the HRAs, which had been developed to reduce the number of the anchors. Test variables include the embedment length of the rod and the width of the specimens and a total of 12 specimens were tested. Test results show that the HRAs pulled out due to bond failure or steel failure occurred in case that the HRAs were installed to the members with 300mm or greater width and the embedment length of 160mm (the actual embedment of rod is 140mm) or deeper. Except 4 HRAs showing steel failure of rod, the minimum and average of test-to-prediction by ACI 318-14 ratios are 1.18 and 1.79, respectively. The tensile strength of HRAs, after shear load was applied to the HRAs, can be safely evaluated by the minimum among the concrete breakout strength and bond strength with the actual embedment length of the rod.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.171-181
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• 2003

This study concerns the prediction of shear capacity, as governed by concrete breakout failure, concrete pryout failure and steel failure, of single anchors located close to free edge and located far from a free edge and installed in uncracked, unreinforced concrete. For this purpose, the methods to evaluate the shear capacity of the single anchors in concrete are summarized and the experimental data are compared with capacities by the two present methods: the method of ACI 349-90 and concrete capacity design (CCD) method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.347-357
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• 2015

In this study, an experimental study was performed to evaluate the concrete breakout strength of unreinforced cast-in-place anchors by seismic qualification test under shear loading. The CIP anchors tested herein were 30mm in diameter with an edge distance of 150mm and an embedment depth of 240mm in uncracked and cracked concrete. The cracked specimen consisted of orthogonal and parallel crack to the loading direction, respectively. The dynamic loading sequence during the seismic qualification test was determined based on CSA N287.2, ACI 355.2 and ETAG 001 codes. After the dynamic loading, the static loading was applied until failure occurs. The shear resistance by seismic qualification tests showed almost the same strength as that obtained from the static tests in uncrcaked and cracked concrete, respectively. Meanwhile, the breakout depth did not reach $8d_0$, therefore the modified strength equation of ACI 318-11 could estimate properly the concrete breakout strength, which does not consider effective bearing length.