• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2009

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary acid hydrolysates of cocoon on laying performance, egg quality, blood level of immune substance and cholesterol in laying hens. The animals used in the experiment were a total of 240 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (41 weeks old). Dietary treatments included 1) CON (basal diet), 2) SP1 (basal diet + acid hydrolysates of cocoon 0.05%), 3) SP2 (basal diet + acid hydrolysates of cocoon 0.1%) and 4) SP3(basal diet + acid hydrolysates of cocoon 0.2%) twelve laying hens were allotted to a block (pen) with five replicated. Through the whole period of experiment, egg production, egg weight, egg shell breaking strength and egg shell thickness were no significant difference. However, acid hydrolysates of cocoon treatments (SP1, SP2, SP3) significantly increase their egg yolk height and Haugh unit compared to control (P<0.05). IgG and WBC (white blood cell) contents in blood were higher in SP1, SP2, SP3 treatment compared to control (P<0.05). However, albumin and total protein content in blood were no significant difference. Phospholipid, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol contents in serum were higher in SP1, SP2, SP3 treatment compared to control (P<0.05). In conclusion, supplement dietary acid hydrolysates of cocoon improved egg yolk height, Haugh unit, and blood level of phospholipid, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol in laying hen.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

To evaluate the effects of n-3 and n-9 fatty acid combination on broiler chicks, diets containing the combinations of five different fat sources including flaxseed oil, fish oil, EPA, DHA and olive oil were provided, and all chicks were processed at 4 weeks of growth. Liver, breast and thigh samples were collected and fatty acid composition and/or CIE $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ measurement were measured. Also, live chick and liver weights were weighed and the ratio was provided as an evidence of fat accumulation in liver. No significant difference was determined in both live and liver weight ratio and liver color. EPA was low in FHO as compared to livers from others. In contrast, DHA was significantly high in FHO. In broiler breasts derived from FDO, AA and n-3 fatty acid content was high, but only numerical differences of EPA and DHA were determined in breasts from FDO. The thighs from FHO showed high in EPA, DHA and n-3 fatty acid content but had low in AA and n-6 to n-3 ratio. Therefore, the results indicate that broiler chicken diets containing either FDO or FHO may be possible combination diets increasing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in broiler chicks.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.323-333
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• 2011

Objectives : Zingberis Rhizoma (ZR) and Glycyrrihizae Radix (GR) have been widely used to prevent or treat allergic diseases. However, relatively little research has been conducted on the immune response to Senggang Gamcho-tang (SG) in a mixture of ZR and GR. The purpose of this study was to determine antiallergic effects of Senggang Gamcho-tang (SG) extracts ZR and GR on activity of murine splenocytes. Methods : This study was performed to investigate the effect of SG in mice, using in vitro experiments. Cells were treated with SG extract (1 ${\mu}g$/ml, 10 ${\mu}g$/ml and 100 ${\mu}g$/ml) plus Con A (2 ${\mu}g$/ml) and ZR (6.6 ${\mu}g$/ml and 66 ${\mu}g$/ml), GR (3.3 ${\mu}g$/ml and 33 ${\mu}g$/ml) respectively for 48 hrs. The production of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-4 were determined by ELISA. Results : No toxicity was found in splenocytes treated with SG extract for 48 hrs at the concentration of 0 ${\mu}g$/ml, 1 ${\mu}g$/ml, 10 ${\mu}g$/ml and 100 ${\mu}g$/ml, respectively. The production of IFN-${\gamma}$ increased to 23,968.7 pg/ml (p<0.001) while that of IL-4 significantly decreased to 14.1 pg/m l(p<0.05) only at the SG concentration of 100 ${\mu}g$/ml. With the GR concentration of 33 ${\mu}g$/ml in SG extract, the production of IFN-${\gamma}$ rose to 32,102.2 pg/ml (p<0.001) while that of IL-4 (p<0.05) declined to 34.2 pg/ml. However, there was no significant observation with regard to the effect of ZR on production of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-4. Conclusions : This study suggests an antiallergic effect of Senggang Gamcho-tang, which leads to the implication that SG extract may be used to enhance human immune function.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.674-679
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• 2002

The toxicity and bioaccumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) continues to be a focus of research in human and various species. The main human exposure is via the dietary route. This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of Cornu Cervi Parvum extract on clinical parameters and hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat (SD rat) accutely exposured to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Male SD rats received single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of TCDD (40 ㎍/kg), and administered 10 or 20 mg/kg/day of the ethanol extract oral injection for 4 weeks from 1 week before TCDD treatment. The gain in body weight was less in group treated with TCDD than in CON group, while that of C/H+ TCDD group (Cornu Cervi Parvum extract 20 mg/kg/day) increased. The decrease in spleen and testis weight caused by TCDD was prevented by Cornu Cervi Parvum extract 20 mg/kg/day. The fluctuation in BUN content, WBC and platelet count by TCDD intoxication were significantly attenuated by the ethanol extract treatment (20 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks). Treatments of rats with the extract (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) were significantly reduced AST and ALT levels compared with TCDD-treated group. Moderate swelling of hepatocytes, hyperchromatism, acidophilic cytoplasm and cytoplasmic vacuolation were observed in TCDD-treated animals (TCDD group). The administration of EtOH extract 10 or 20 mg/kg along with TCDD significantly alleviated the liver histopathological alteration induced by TCDD. These results suggest that Cornu Cervi Parvum extract can be useful as a protective agent against TCDD, an endocrine disruptor.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.713-722
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• 1996

Poor long term patient survival (60% at 2 years) in lung allograft recipients are mainly due to rejection and complications associated with the use of nonspecific immunosuppressants. Better means to achieve waft acceptance is desperately needed. 1 have investigated whether mixed allogeneic chimerism in the form of bone marrow stem cell engraftment would induce donor-specific tolerance for lung allografts. Fisher (F344) and Wistar Forth (WF)rats were lethally irradiated (1100c0y) and reconstituted with a mixture of T-cell depleted syngeneic and allogeneic bone marrow (F344+WFIWF, ACI +F344- F344). After Mixed chimerism was documented by peripheral blood Ipnphocyte typing at 28 days, orthotopic left single lung transplantation was performed, using donor-s ecific or third party allografts. No immunosuppressants were administered. Graft rejection was monitored by chest rentgenography, and con- firmed by histology Mixed chimeric rats accepted lung allografts permanently, and it was not strain specific effect. Tolerance was all or none phenomenon which had nothing to do with the percentage of chimerlsm. Mixed chimeras rejected third party allografts in less than 10 days, a time course similar to that of unmanipulated controls. No acute or chronic rejection was observed in donor specific grafts more than 150 days posttransplant. These data suggest that mixed chimerism in the form of bone marrow stem cell engraftment results in stable, systemic donor-specific transplantation tolerance for lung allografts.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.4.1-4.7
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• 2016

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding Korean rice wine residue (RWR) in total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and growth performance of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: For in vitro fermentation, the experimental treatments were Control (Con: 0 % RWR + TMR), Treatment 1 (T1: 10 % RWR + TMR), and Treatment 2 (T2: 15 % RWR + TMR). The rumen fluid was collected from three Hanwoo steers and mixed with buffer solution, after which buffered rumen fluid was transferred into serum bottles containing 2 g dry matter (DM) of TMR added with or without RWR. The samples were then incubated for 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, or 48 h at $39^{\circ}C$ and 100 rpm. For the in vivo experiment, 27 Hanwoo steers (6 months old) with an average weight of $196{\pm}8.66kg$ were subjected to a 24-week feeding trial. The animals were randomly selected and equally distributed into three groups. After which the body weight, feed intake and blood characteristics of each group were investigated. Results: The pH of the treatments decreased significantly relative to the control during the 12 h of incubation. Total gas production and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) was not affected by RWR addition. The total volatile fatty acid (VFA) was lower after 24 h of incubation but at other incubation times, the concentration was not affected by treatments. Feed cost was 8 % and 15 % lower in T1 and T2 compared to control. Blood alcohol was not detected and a significant increase in total weight gain and average daily gain were observed in Hanwoo steers fed with RWR. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study suggest that TMR amended with 15 % RWR can be used as an alternative feed resource for ruminants to reduce feed cost.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.5 no.1 s.9
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• pp.95-103
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to find out the distribution of underground biomass and its soil stabilizing effects. Bamboo and grass were examined and compared. 1. Thirty 'soil & root' samples were collected to the depth of 30cm with Impact-corer, and then divided into three sections(0-10cm, 10-20cm, 20-30cm). Each piece had a volume of $950cm^3$ and the underground biomass was separated from the soil particles by washing with flowing water. The average underground biomass rates of bamboo and grass were 10.8% and 4% of each sample, respectively. The rate of grass root biomass declined with depth, but the bamboo root biomass was at peak at around 20cm depth. 2. The shear strength was measured with con-penetration tester at each sample collecting site. Three measurements were made at each depth(0-10cm, 10-20cm, 20-30cm) and were compared with the impact counts needed to insert the corer to the depth of 30cm. The shear strength has clear correlations with underground biomass. The more underground biomass, the higher shear strength. The shear strength of bamboo was about three times larger than the grass.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.121-128
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• 2015

Objectives : Ojeok-san (OJS), an oriental herbal formula, has been used in Asian countries including Korea, China and Japan to treat the common cold and illnesses including fatigue and gastrointestinal disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-obesity effect and molecular mechanism of OJS, on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Also, the effects of OJS in obese mice fed a high-fat diet on adiposity were examined.Methods : Preferentially, we analyzed the component of OJS and measured the stability of its component in OJS according to study periods using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro, 3T3-L1 cells were treated with OJS (50 to 200 μg/mL) during differentiation for 8 days. The accumulation of lipid droplets was determined by Oil Red O staining. The expressions of genes related to adipogenesis were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. For anti-obesty effect in vivo, we experimented for 8 weeks with four group (normal diet (CON), high-fat diet (HF), high-fat diet with OJS (HF+OJS) and high-fat diet with Bang-pung-tong-sung-san (HF+BTS) in comparison group HF+OJS).Results : OJS showed inhibitory activity on adipocyte differentiation at 3T3-L1 preadipocytes without affect cell toxicity as assessed by measuring fat accumulation and adipogenesis. In addition, OJS significantly reduced the expression levels of several adipocyte marker genes including proliferator activated receptor-γ(PPAR-γ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α(C/EBP-α). Also OJS-administered mice showed significant inhibitory of body weights and abdominal adipose tissue weights.Conclusions : This study showed that traditional medicine OJS has an anti-obesity effect in vitro and in vivo. Thus, OJS could be developed as a supplement for reduction of body weight gain induced by an obesity.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.431-437
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• 1996

The nar promoter of Escherichta coli, which is maximally induced under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate, was characterized to see whether the nar promoter cloned onto pBR322 can be used as an expression promoter. The modified nar promoter, in which several bases in the -10 region was mutated to the consensus sequence by site-directed mutagenesis, was characterized in E. coli, on which chromosome the fnr gene affecting expression of the nar promoter according to dissolved oxygen level was mutated. The E. coli lacZ gene was used as a reporter gene. The following effects were investigated to find optimal conditions to induce the modified nar promoter: induction methods, optimal nitrate concentrations, the amount of ${\beta}$-galactosidase expressed at the different growth conditions, and induction characteristics. The following results were obtained from the experiments : expression of ${\beta}$-galactosidase from the modified nar promoter was not affected much by nitrate concentrations. The maximal specific ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity was obtained when E. coli was grown under aerobic conditions, and then the modified nar promoter was induced at OD600=2.2 under microaerobic conditions (DO=1∼2%), under which conditions the maximal specific ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity was 13,000 Miller units. However, the specific ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity was approximately 6,000 Miller units even before the modified nar promoter was induced. Therefore, the modified nar promoter seemed to be useful when the cloned gene wants to be expressed in E. coli constitutively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2000

Development of Bracon hebetor Say parasitizing Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) was studied at five temperature conditions (17, 20, 25, 28 and 32$\pm$0.5$^{\circ}C$) under a photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D). Developmental period (mean$\pm$s.e.) of B. hebetor from egg to eclosion decreased from 28.6$\pm$0.50 to 9.3 $\pm$0.09 days and 28.1 $\pm$0.51 to 9.2$\pm$0.09 days for female and male, respectively, as the temperature increased from 17 to $32^{\circ}C$. The combination model provided a good description of the relationship between temperature and development. The low temperature thresholds were estimated to be 14.0, 12.8, 15.1$^{\circ}C$ for development of egg, larva and pupa. The thresholds for normal development (outside of the boundary layer of the development) were 14.0, 17.5, $15.1^{\circ}C$ for egg, larva and pupa, respectively, indicating that the larval stage is more sensitive to the low temperature than the other stages. The results suggested that the present B. hebetor population could be another ecological race adapting to the seasonal temperature conditions of this area.