• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.85 no.3
• /
• pp.315-335
• /
• 2023

Limited studies are available on the mathematical estimates of the compressive strength (CS) of glass fiber-embedded polymer (glass-FRP) compressive elements. The present study has endeavored to estimate the CS of glass-FRP normal strength concrete (NSTC) compression elements (glass-FRP-NSTC) employing two various methodologies; mathematical modeling and artificial neural networks (ANNs). The dataset of 288 glass-FRP-NSTC compression elements was constructed from the various testing investigations available in the literature. Diverse equations for CS of glass-FRP-NSTC compression elements suggested in the previous research studies were evaluated employing the constructed dataset to examine their correctness. A new mathematical equation for the CS of glass-FRP-NSTC compression elements was put forwarded employing the procedures of curve-fitting and general regression in MATLAB. The newly suggested ANN equation was calibrated for various hidden layers and neurons to secure the optimized estimates. The suggested equations reported a good correlation among themselves and presented precise estimates compared with the estimates of the equations available in the literature with R²= 0.769, and R² =0.9702 for the mathematical and ANN equations, respectively. The statistical comparison of diverse factors for the estimates of the projected equations also authenticated their high correctness for apprehending the CS of glass-FRP-NSTC compression elements. A broad parametric examination employing the projected ANN equation was also performed to examine the effect of diverse factors of the glass-FRP-NSTC compression elements.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.115-128
• /
• 2008

A method is proposed to estimate the ultimate strength of rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) stub columns under axial compression. The ultimate strength of concrete core is determined by using the conception of the effective lateral confining pressure and a failure criterion of concrete under true triaxial compression, which takes into account the difference between the lateral confining pressure provided by the broad faces of the steel tube and that provided by the narrow faces of the steel tube. The longitudinal steel strength of broad faces and that of the narrow faces of the steel tube are calculated respectively due to that buckling tends to occur earlier and more extensively on the broader faces. Finally, the proposed method is verified with experimental results. Corresponding values of ultimate strength calculated by ACI (2005), AISC (1999) and GJB4142-2000 are given respectively for comparison. It is found from comparison that the proposed method shows a good agreement with the experimental results.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.103-108
• /
• 2006

In order to determine safety factor of corrugated fiberboard boxes for agricultural products, relationship with effect of relative humidity and structure of box types must be defined. The results obtained from the study were summarized as follows; 1. Results show a detrimental effect on bursting strength of corrugated boards with increasing relative humidity of environment. 2. Compression strength of corrugated boards were decreased rapidly after the relative humidity was over 70 percent. 3. Compression strength of corrugated board boxes were greatly depending on the box types. Folder type showed the best performance at higher humidity environment while bliss type was the worst. 4. Further studies are needed in order to expect box compression strength in real distribution environment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2005

Paper angle, environment friendly packaging material, has been mainly used as an edge protector. But, we have perceived its application to package design of heavy product such as strength reinforcement or unit load system (ULS) in the future. Above all, understanding of buckling behavior for angle itself and compression strength and quality standard have to be accomplished for the paper angle to be used for this purpose. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the buckling behavior through theoretical and finite element analysis, and to develop compression strength model by compression test for symetric and asymetric paper angle. Based on the result of theoretical and finite element analysis, increasing rate of buckling of asymmetric paper angle was higher as applied load level was bigger and/or the length of angle was longer than that of symmetric paper angle. Decreasing rate of minimum principal moment of inertia was remarkably increased as the extent of asymmetric angle is bigger, and buckling orientation of angle was open direction near the small web. Increasing rate of maximum compression strength (MCS) for thickness of angle was smaller as the web size was bigger in symmetric angle. MCS of asymmetric angle of $43{\times}57$ and $33{\times}67$ was decreased $15{\sim}18%$ and $65{\sim}78%$, and change of buckling was increased $12{\sim}13%$ and $62{\sim}66%$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.659-666
• /
• 2010

Although the compression splice needs not be longer than the tension slice due to existence of end bearing, current design codes impose a longer compression lap splice than a tension lap splice in high strength concrete. Hence, new criteria for the compression lap splice including the effects of concrete strength need to be sought for economical design involving ultra-high strength concrete. An experimental study has been conducted with column specimens in concrete strength of 80 and 100 MPa. Test results show that the splice strength can be evaluated to be proportional to square root of compressive strength of concrete. Bar stress developed by end bearing is not affected by splice length and is expressed with a function of the square root of concrete strength. Mean value of stresses developed by end bearing is 16.5 square root of $f_{ck}$. The stresses developed by bond in compression splices are nearly identical to those in tension splices and, therefore, strength increment of compression splices is attributed to end bearing only. From regression analysis of 58 tests, a design equation is proposed for compression lap splice in 40 to 100 MPa of compressive strength of concrete. By the proposed equation, the anomaly of lap lengths in tension and compression is got rid of. In addition, the equation has a reliability equivalent to those of the specified strengths of materials.

• Physical Therapy Korea
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2018

Background: Lumbopelvic stability is highly important for exercise therapy for patients with low back pain and shoulder dysfunction. It can be attained using a pelvic compression belt. Previous studies showed that external pelvic compression (EPC) enhances form closure by reducing sacroiliac joint laxity and selectively strengthens force closure and motor control by reducing the compensatory activity of the stabilizer. In addition, when the pelvic compression belt was placed directly on the anterior superior iliac spine, the laxity of the sacroiliac cephalic joint could be significantly reduced. Objects: This study aimed to compare the effects of EPC on lumbopelvic and shoulder muscle surface electromyography (EMG) activities during push-up plus (PUP) and deadlift (DL) exercise, trunk extensor strength during DL exercise. Methods: Thirty-eight subjects (21 men and 17 women) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were instructed to perform PUP and DL with and without the EPC. EMG data were collect from serratus anterior (SA), pectoralis major (PM), erector spinae (ES), and multifidus (MF). Trunk extensor strength were tested in DL exercise. The data were collected during 3 repetitions of all exercise and the mean of root mean square was used for analysis. Results: The EMG activities of the SA and PM were significantly increased in PUP with pelvic compression as compared with PUP without pelvic compression (p<.05). In DL exercise, a significant improvement in trunk extensor strength was observed during DL exercise with pelvic compression (p<.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that lumbopelvic stabilization reinforced with external pelvic compression may be propitious to strengthen PUP in more-active SA and PM muscles. Applying EPC can improve the trunk extensor strength during DL exercise. Our study shows that EPC was beneficial to improve the PUP and DL exercise efficiency.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.245-249
• /
• 1997

In order to find effective linerboard compositions for the corrugated fibreboard containers for apples, we have evaluated the strength and the cost effectiveness of the various linerboards and corrugated fibreboard containers. From the results, we suggest SC240, WLK210 or SK180 for the outer liners, M180 to M250 for the mediums, and K2200 or Al80 for the inner liners, respectively. Furthermore, we recommend two cost effective types of corrugated fibreboard compositions, SC240/S120/S120/M160/A180 for the white face liners, and SK180/M180/S120/M180/A180 for the color face liners. Evidence has been presented to support the conclusion that the new high compression strength corrugated fibreboard containers have better performance in the compression and bursting strength tests, while reducing material costs by thirty four percents.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.27-32
• /
• 2015

PURPOSES : It is difficult to estimate tunnel stability because of lack of timely information during tunnel excavation. Tunnel deformability refers to the capacity of rock to strain under applied loads or unloads during tunnel excavation. This study was conducted to analyze a methods of pre-evaluation of stability during tunnel construction using the critical strain concept, which is applied to the results of tunnel settlement data and unconfined compression strength of intact rock or rock mass at the tunnel construction site. METHODS : Based on the critical strain concept, the pre-evaluation of stability of a tunnel was performed in the Daegu region, at a tunnel through andesite and granite rock. The critical strain concept is a method of predicting tunnel behavior from tunnel crown settlement data using the critical strain chart that is obtained from the relationship between strain and the unconfined compression strength of intact rock in a laboratory. RESULTS : In a pre-evaluation of stability of a tunnel, only actually measured crown settlement data is plotted on the lower position of the critical strain chart, to be compared with the total displacement of crown settlement, including precedent settlement and displacement data from before the settlement measurement. However, both cases show almost the same tunnel behavior. In an evaluation using rock mass instead of intact rock, the data for the rock mass strength is plotted on the lower portion of the critical strain chart, as a way to compare to the data for intact rock strength. CONCLUSIONS : From the results of the pre-evaluation of stability of the tunnel using the critical strain chart, we reaffirmed that it is possible to promptly evaluate the stability of a tunnel under construction. Moreover, this research shows that a safety evaluation using the actual instrumented crown settlement data with the unconfined compression strength of intact rock, rather than with the unconfined compression strength of a rock mass in the tunnel working face, is more conservative.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.91-96
• /
• 2005

Determination of safety factor of corrugated fiberboard boxes used for agricultural products is very complicated process due to nature of living products. Moisture content is one of the most critical factors to determine overall physical strength of paper, so its influences on strength properties of corrugated board made from different raw materials must be quantified. The results obtained from the study were summarized as follows; 1. Results show a detrimental effect on bursting strength and compressive strength of liners with increasing relative humidity of environment and moisture content of liners. 2. The relevance of equilibrium moisture content at varying relative humidity levels was proved and its relationship was used as an important factor to estimate box compression strength. 3. Test results was statistically used for establish the relationship between relative humidity and moisture content of liners. Estimated compression strength of boxes at varying moisture content was similar to results of theoretical equations such as Kellicutt's. Further study could be carried out in order to determine a optimum safety factors of various corrugated board boxes for agricultural products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.53-58
• /
• 2001

Constructions on the soft clay layer of low strength and high compression bring out many problems. Recent studies show that strength of the soft clay layer could be substantially improved by mixing quicklime. For the purpose, a series of uniaxial compression tests were performed, using quicklime, in order to analyze strength characteristics. The major test results are summarized following : When water content is 90%, the strength is observed to precipitously increase between 3～14 days, then, the extent slowly increase in relative terms. When water content is 130%, the strength is observed to precipitously increase up to 28 days. When the strength of water content 90% is compared to that of water content 130%, the initial strength of the former is higher than that of the latter. The analyses show that the improvement of soft clay layers can be realized by the mixture of both quicklime and sand, and by the mixture of quicklime only.