• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 2010

This study was designed to evaluate changes in the terpene composition of 3 types of pines (Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus rigida), while decomposing their leaf litter. Needle litters were placed at two different organic layer depths, one on the surface and the other beneath the litter layer. Changes in the terpene composition of this litter were detected using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Among the monoterpenes acquired from the fresh needles of P. densiflora and P. rigida, $\alpha$-pinene (12.05% and 19.87%, respectively) was the major one, followed by $\beta$-pinene (2.90% and 14.07%). However, from the needles of P. thunbergii, $\beta$-pinene (20.77%) was the major one, followed by $\alpha$-pinene (10.79%). Among the sesquiterpenes detected in P. densiflora, trans-caryophyllene (3.12%) was the highest composition compound, whereas germacrene-D (6.09%) for P. thunbergii and 1,6-cyclodecadiene (7.41%) and endo-1-bourbonanol (7.41%) for P. rigida were the highest content compounds. However, the total amounts of terpenes decreased sharply by 40-85.4% in all three types of pine needle after 90-120 days of the experiment. The concentration of each terpene differed during decomposition, and the majority of compounds disappeared from beneath the litter layer. It was determined that three types of reducing patterns of each compound appeared on the rate of loss of concentration during decomposition; one pattern decreasing sharply during the initial period, another pattern steadily or slowly decreasing, and a newly detected pattern at low concentration occurring during decomposition.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.91-109
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• 2013

The main objective of this research was to understand the latest trends of natural print design through the quantitative & qualitative analysis of fashion appeared in contemporary female collections. The research criteria was defined as 3 seasons from 2011 S/S to 2012 S/S. Data collection of 726 was done through review of 'pr$\hat{e}$t-$\grave{a}$-porter Collections' of three major fashion cities; Paris, Milan and NY. Statistical analysis of frequency with chi-square test was conducted. Also qualitative interpretation of natural print design' characteristics was completed. The main findings were as follows.; The average occurrence rate of natural print design from 2011SS to 2012 SS in three collections were 6.4% in Milan 6.4%, 5.5% in Paris and 6.8% in N.Y. The five source types of natural prints in contemporary women's fashion collections were identified and the order of their appearance were as follows: flowers, plants, animals, insects & marine organisms and compound one. The plant prints were expressed by stylized or realistic touch. Flower patterns showed more variables than plants, however, there were no big difference in their image and major characteristics. The animal prints demonstrated two aspects. First one used typical animal print of fur or skin, but the other one draw the animal figure like paintings. The compound source type presented the most interesting and fresh pattern design ideas. In the insects & marine organisms, mainly butterfly and seashell & starfish, etc. appeared as real shapes or sometimes were stylized.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of nitrogen rate and maturity on the yield, quality, nitrogen compound, protein pattern, and nitrate reductase activity. The results were as follow. As the nitrogen rate increased, the degree of red color of cured leaf increased. According to the time of harvesting at their leaf position, the price of the lugs is lowest in immature stage compared with mature and over mature stage but the upper leaves were lower than mature and immature stage in price. Yield are equal in immature stage and mature stage but over mature stage is lower than mature and immture stage. There was no different protein pattern and nitrate reductase activity in nitrogen rate and mature stage.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2012

The LDS(Laser Direct Structuring) is one of the new direct writing methods to fabricate conductive patterns by energy beam. It uses thermoplastic polymers with an additive compound that serves as plating seed after the activation by laser. The advantages of LDS include the miniaturization of electrical components, design flexibility, and a reduced number of production steps. The purpose of this study is to investigate the fundamental mechanism for LDS and the characteristics of conductive patterns by laser parameters. These results were studied by SEM, EDX, and XPS analysis. We have used a 20W pulse-modulated fiber laser and copper electroless plating to fabricate conductive patterns on polymer. The result showed that electroless copper plating seed caused the laser cracking of additive compound. In particular, the additive compound contained in copper metal oxides atoms will be changed to copper metal elements. Also, the characteristics of conductive patterns were dependent on laser parameter, especially laser fluence.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.840-844
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• 2004

A triterpene was isolated as a cytotoxic principle from the dichloromethane extract of Korean mistletoe (KM； Viscum album colora turn) by repeated silica gel chromatography and recrystalli-zation. In in vitro analysis of cytotoxic activity using various human and murine tumor cell lines, the dichloromethane extract of KM was highly cytotoxic against these cells. We isolated the most active compound, referred to VD-3, from the dichloromethane extract of KM. The VD-3 was shown to be less cytotoxic to normal cells (murine splenocytes). From the identification of the chemical structure of VD-3 by spectral data and chemical synthesis, the compound was proven to be epi-oleanolic acid. Tumor cells treated with VD-3 showed a typical pattern of apo-ptotic cell death, such as apparent morphological changes and DNA fragmentation. These results indicate that epi-oleanolic acid is an important compound responsible for antitumor activity of KM.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.135-139
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• 2010

A series of Sr-Si-S compounds was synthesized using an advanced chemical method in which the use of one solution-based process uniformly dispersed the $Eu^{2+}$ activators in the host crystals, to find new compositions that would suit phosphor applications. Particular focus was given to the Si-rich region. This led to the synthesis of a single-phase compound that showed an unknown X-ray diffraction pattern. This compound had a composition close to that of $SrSi_2S_5$. When this compound is activated with $Eu^{2+}$ ($SrSi_2S_5:Eu^{2+}$), it shows a cyan-blue emission with a main luminescence peak at 495 nm. This emission is excited by wavelengths of 250-440 nm and has a maximum excitation at 350 nm.

• Composite Materials and Engineering
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.221-239
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• 2021

This paper presents a multiscale modeling method for sheet molding compound (SMC) composites through a novel bundle packing reconstruction algorithm based on a micro-CT (Computed Tomography) image processing. Due to the complex flow pattern during the compression molding process, the SMC composites show a spatially varying orientation and overlapping of fiber bundles. Therefore, significant inhomogeneity and anisotropy are commonly observed and pose a tremendous challenge to predicting SMC composites' properties. For high-fidelity modeling of the SMC composites, the statistical distributions for the fiber orientation and local volume fraction are characterized from micro-CT images of real SMC composites. After that, a novel bundle packing reconstruction algorithm for a high-fidelity SMC model is proposed by considering the statistical distributions. A method for evaluating specimen level's strength and stiffness is also proposed from a set of high-fidelity SMC models. Finally, the proposed multiscale modeling methodology is experimentally validated through a tensile test.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2008

In this study, we have investigated mechanical properties and scratch resistance of polypropylene compounds by two types of masterbatch with different molecular weight of PP. Masterbatches were prepared with polypropylene(PP) and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) by melt mixing. Mechanical properties and scratch behavior were examined with UTM and polarizing microscope. The morphology surface of grain pattern was investigated Color 3D Laser Scanning Microscope. Mechanical properties of two masterbatches containing PP compounds showed a little bit difference in accordance with amount of M/B. Scratch resistance was much improved by adding masterbatches used high-molecular weight PP. Scratch resistance was excellent when grain pattern of the surface is deep, large, round and irregular.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 1998

Intercalation compounds of alkyl sulfonates into layered double hydroxides (LDH) have been directly synthesized. From the X-ray diffraction data and the alkyl sulfonates size, the orientation of the intercalated alkyl sulfonate into the layered double hydroxide was determined. The intercalated alkyl sulfonate is arranged with molecular chain perpendicular to the hydroxide layer with an antiparallel pattern.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.137-142
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• 1997

We synthesized the intercalation compound between a layered double hydroxide and an ethyl orange. The orientation of the intercalated ethyl orange into the layered double hydroxide was investigated. The molecular plane of the ethyl orange and its N＝N axis lie nearly perpendicular to the hydroxide layers with an antiparallel pattern.