• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.194-204
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface hardness of composite resins according to heat treatment. storage condition and storage time. In this study. two kinds of composite resin inlays and one kind of conventional posterior composite resin were used as experimental materials. One hundred eighty composite resin specimens were constructed from composite resin inlays and conventional posterior composite resin. The conditions of this study were heat treatment. storage condition and storage time. Hardness readings were taken from the top surface of each samples using the Vickers microhardness tester(MHT-l. Matsuzawa. Japan}. The following results from this study were obtained: 1. Regardless of storage condition. both composite resin inlay and conventional posterior composite resin have a higher surface hardness under heat treatment than not. 2. Composite resins with heat treatment have a higher surface hardness under dry storage than under water immersion. 3. In case of Clearfil Photo Posterior and Brilliant Enamel with heat treatment. there was no significant difference with time. but Clearfil CR Inlay with heat treatment. there was statistical difference after 24 hours. 4. Surface hardness of composite resins with coarse hybrid type was higher than that of composite resin with fine hybrid type.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.301-306
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• 2008

Surface composite layers of 1.9~2.9 mm in thickness were fabricated by depositing metamorphic powders on a carbon steel substrate and by irradiating with a high-energy electron beam. In the surface composite layers, 48~64 vol.% of $Cr_{2}B$ or $Cr_{1.65}Fe_{0.35}B_{0.96}$ borides were densely precipitated in the austenite or martensite matrix. These hard borides improved the hardness of the surface composite layer. According to the otentiodynamic polarization test results of the surface composites, coatings, STS304 stainless steel, and carbon steel substrate, the corrosion potential of the surface composite fabricated with 'C+' powders was highest, and its corrosion current density was lowest, while its pitting potential was similar to that of the STS304 steel. This indicated that the overall corrosion resistance of the surface composite fabricated with 'C+' powders was the best among the tested materials. Austenite and martensite phases of the surface composites and coatings was selectively corroded, while borides were retained inside pits. In the coating fabricated with 'C+' powders, the localized corrosion additionally occurred along splat boundaries, and thus the corrosion resistance of the coating was worse than that of the surface composite.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.513-533
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• 1994

The smooth surface after polishing of composite resin contributes to the patient's comfort, and appearance and longevity of the restoration. This study was performed for the quantitative analysis of the effects of the various finishing and polishing instruments on the surface roughness and reflectivity of the microfill, and hybrid composite resins. Cylindrical specimens 2mm thick and 10mm in diameter of Silux Plus, Durafill VS ; Z100, Prisma TPH, Brilliant, and Herculite XR composite resin were polymerized under the matrix strip. 18 specimens for each composite resin materials were divided into 6 groups ; 5 experimental groups were abraded with # 600 sand paper to remove resin-rich layer, except control. Thereafter, using diamond bur(Mani Dia-Burs), carbide bur(E. T. carbide set 4159), rubber point(Composite polishing kit), aluminum-oxide disk(Sof-Lex disk), polishing paste(Enhance system) ; each specimen was polished to its best achievable surface according to manufacturer's directions. Final polished surfaces were evaluated for the surface roughness with profilometer(${\alpha}$-step 200, Tencor instruments, USA) and for the reflectivity with image analyser(Omniment Image Analyser, Buehler, USA). The results were as follows. 1. Polishing paste or aluminum-oxide disk finish in the microfill, and hybrid composite resins was as smooth as matrix strip finish on the surface roughness test. 2. Polishing paste or aluminum-oxide disk finish in the microfill ; polishing paste finish in the hybrid composite resins was as reflective as matrix strip finish on the refectivity test. 3. For the polishing paste, there were no significant differences between the composite resin materials on the surface roughness and refectivity tests. 4. For the aluminum-oxide disk, the best result was obtained with the microfill composite resin on the surface roughness and reflectivity test. 5. Diamond bur, carbide bur, and rubber point were inappropriate for the final polishing instruments.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.470-478
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of moistening mechods of dentin on the morphologic states of hybrid layers and on the interfacial bond strength between dentin and composite. Specimens were divided into 6 groups based on the surface moistening methods and materials used. After the dentin surface was conditioned with 10 % phoporic acid and irrigated: 1. The dentin surface was dried. Then bonding agent and composite were applied. 2. The dentin surface was blot-dryed. Then primer, bonding atent and composite were applied. 3. The dentin surface was dryed first. Within 20 seconds, the surface was rewetted, then primer, bonding agent and composite were applied. 4. The dentin surface was dryed. Then primer, bonding agnent and composite were applied. 5. The dentin surface was dryed first. Atter 24hrs, the surface was rewetted, and then primer, bonding agent and composite were applied. 6. The surface was conditioned with NaOCl for 5min. Then primer, bonding agent and composite were applied. To reveal the hybrid layer, scanning electron microscopy was used after the samples were ion beam etched. The shear bond strength of each group was tom pared by ANOVA. In groups 2, 3 and 4, the hybrid layer was clearly visible, but the width was more limited in group 4. In group 1 and 5, the hybrid layer was not found, and a gap was formed between dentin and composite. In group 6, the hybrid layer was not found, but the interface between the dentin and composite was intimate. The shear bond strength of each group was as follows: Group 1 : 4MPa, Group 2 : 14MPa, Group 3 : 12MPa, Group 4 : 14MPa, Group 5 : 5MPa, Group 6 : 9MPa.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1047-1055
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• 2010

The objective of this study is to investigate the ballistic properties of Zr-based amorphous alloy surface composites fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation. The mixture of Zr-based amorphous powders and $LiF+MgF_2$ flux powders was deposited on a pure Ti substrate, and then an electron beam irradiated this powder mixture to fabricate a one-layer surface composite. A four-layer surface composite, in which the composite layer thickness was larger than 3 mm, was also fabricated by irradiating the deposited powder mixture by an electron beam three times on the one-layer surface composite. The microstructural analysis results indicated that a small amount of fine crystalline particles were homogeneously distributed in the amorphous matrix of the surface composite layer. According to the ballistic impact test results, the surface composite layers effectively blocked a fast traveling projectile, while many cracks were formed at the composite layers, and thus the surface composite plates were not perforated. The surface composite layer containing ductile ${\beta}$ dendritic phases showed a better ballistic performance than the one without dendrites because dendritic phases hindered the propagation of shear bands or cracks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.107-110
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• 2005

Tribological behaviors of carbon epoxy composites whose surfaces have many small grooves were compared with respect to coating method under dry sliding and water lubricating conditions. The surface coating materials were epoxy (Ep) and polyethylene (PE) mixed with self-lubricating $MoS_2$ and PTFE powders. The wear morphology of the composites observed with a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) revealed that the surface coating layer mixed with the self-lubricating powder on the grooved surface significantly improved the wear resistance under water lubricating condition because the surface coating layer blocked water to penetrate the composite surface and the self-lubricating powder reduced the wear on the coating by suppressing the generation of blisters.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.197-207
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• 2024

This study aims to evaluate the color stability and surface roughness of the single-shade composite resin after finishing and polishing for primary molars. A single-shade composite resin (OM, OMNICHROMA) and two multi-shade composite resins (FT, Filtek^TM Z350XT; ES, ESTELITE^® SIGMA QUICK) were included. The specimens were divided into three subgroups using different polishing methods: control, Sof-Lex XT, and Sof-Lex Diamond. For color stability tests, cavities were prepared on extracted primary second molars and restored with experimental composite resins. Each specimen was immersed in the coffee solution for 48 hours. The color difference of each specimen was calculated. For surface roughness tests, cylindrical specimens were crafted with experimental composite resins. Surface roughness was analyzed using an atomic force microscope and a scanning electron microscope. In the color stability tests, FT demonstrated a significantly lower ΔE_ab than ES among the control groups, but no significant differences were observed between the ΔE_ab values of OM and FT or OM and ES. Additionally, no significant differences were found between the Sof-Lex XT and Sof-Lex Diamond subgroups in the three composite groups. Moreover, no significant differences in the surface roughness were found between the three composite groups, regardless of the polishing methods. The single-shade composite resin demonstrated comparable color stability and surface roughness to that of the multi-shade composite resins regardless of the polishing methods used in restoring primary molars. The single-shade composite resin is expected to be applicable in clinical pediatric dentistry reducing chair time due to the easy shade matching procedures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1992.10a
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• pp.101-105
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• 1992

Machined graphite/epoxy composite surfaces were studied by using SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy). surface profilometry and its analysis to determine suitable surface describing parameters for machined unidirectional and laminate composite surface. The surface roughness and profile are found to be highly dependent on the fiber layup direction and the measurement direction. Machined unidirectional and 0.deg. 45 .deg. 90 .deg. plies in laminate composite surface profiles are found to be Gaussian in the direction of machining. Since there exist bare fibers without matrix smearing in 0 .deg. ply, higher surface roughness values were found in this orientation. It was possible to machine 90 .deg. and -45 .deg. plies due to the adjacent plies, which were holding those plies. It was found that the microgeometrical variations in terms of roughness parameters Ra without Dy (maximum Damage Depth) region and Dy are better descriptors of the machined laminate composite surface than commonly used roughness parameters Ra and Ra. The characteristics of surface profiles in laminate composite are well represented in CHD (Cumulative Height Distribution) plot and PPD (Percentage Probability Density) plot. Also, the power spectral density function is shown to be capable of identifying the wavelength distribution of the machining damage.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.482-486
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was first, to evaluate the relationship between composite surface conversion and surface discoloration, second, to know if there was difference in surface discoloration between celluloid-strip-finished composite surface and polished surface. In addition, the discoloration of composite surface was also evaluated with visual inspection or digital camera with high resolution monitor, Z100, Tetric Ceram, Spectrum, and Aelitfil were used. The composite surfaces were celluloid-strip finished (group 1), polished (group 2), celluloid-strip finished under nitrogen gas purging (group 3) or only light cured without finishing or polishing under nitrogen gas purging (group 4). The microhardness of each samples were also measured in each group. The samples of each group were also divided into 4 subgroup whether they were immediately placed in disclosing solution (0.2% Elythrosin, pH 7.0) (subgroup1), 1 day after light curing(subgroup 2), 3day after light curing(subgroup 3) or 7 day after light curing(subgroup 4). The computer controlled spectrophotometer was used to determine CIELAB coordinates ($L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$). The amounts of color difference were compared. The results were as follows; 1. There was no difference in discoloration between celluloid strip finished composite surface and polished surface. 2. The samples discolored more when they were placed in disclosing solution immediately after polymerization than other groups. 3. When the samples were light cured under nitrogen gas purging and without polishing process, they discolored more than other groups even though they showed higher micro hardness. 4. With visual inspection or digital camera, only a limited information was available in detecting composite surface discoloration.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.10 s.181
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• pp.2461-2468
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• 2000

In this paper, single fiber pull-out test is used to measure the interfacial bonding shear strength of $Ti_{50}-Ni_{50}$ shape memory alloy composite with temperature. Fiber and matrix of $Ti_{50}-Ni_{50}$ shape memory alloy composite are respectively $Ti_{50}-Ni_{50}$ shape memory alloy and epoxy resin. To strengthen the interfacial bonding shear stress, various surface treatments are used. They are the hand-sanded surface treatment, the acid etched surface treatment and the silane coupled surface treatment etc.. The interfacial bonding shear strength of surface treated shape memory alloy fiber is greater than that of surface untreated shape memory alloy fiber by from 10% to 16%. It is assured that the hand-sanded surface treatment and the acid etched surface treatment are the best way to strengthen the interfacial bonding shear strength of $Ti_{50}-Ni_{50}$ shape memory composite. The best treatment condition of surface is 10% HNO$_3$ solution in the etching method to strengthen the interfacial bonding shear strength of $Ti_{50}-Ni_{50}$ shape memory alloy composite.