• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.217-247
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• 2016

Five extended cylindrical reticulated shells are proposed by changing distribution rule of diagonal rods based on three fundamental types. Modeling programs for fundamental types and extended types of cylindrical reticulated shell are compiled by using the ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL). On this basis, conditional formulas are derived when the grid shape of cylindrical reticulated shells is equilateral triangle. Internal force analysis of cylindrical reticulated shells is carried out. The variation and distribution regularities of maximum displacement and stress are studied. A shape optimization program is proposed by adopting the sequence two-stage algorithm (RDQA) in FORTRAN environment based on the characteristics of cylindrical reticulated shells and the ideas of discrete variable optimization design. Shape optimization is achieved by considering the objective function of the minimum total steel consumption, global and locality constraints. The shape optimization for three fundamental types and five extended types is calculated with the span of 30 m~80 m and rise-span ratio of 1/7~1/3. The variations of the total steel consumption along with the span and rise-span ratio are analyzed with contrast to the results of shape optimization. The optimal combination of main design parameters for five extended cylindrical reticulated shells is investigated. The total steel consumption affected by distribution rule of diagonal rods is discussed. The results show that: (1) Parametric modeling method is simple, efficient and practical, which can quickly generate different types of cylindrical reticulated shells. (2) The mechanical properties of five extended cylindrical reticulated shells are better than their fundamental types. (3) The total steel consumption of cylindrical reticulated shells is optimized to be the least when rise-span ratio is 1/6. (4) The extended type of three-way grid cylindrical reticulated shell should be preferentially adopted in practical engineering. (5) The grid shape of reticulated shells should be designed to equilateral triangle as much as possible because of its reasonable stress and the lowest total steel consumption.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2008

The end plates of fuel cell assemblies are used to fasten the inner stacks, reduce the contact pressure, and provide a seal between Membrane-Electrode Assemblies (MEAs). They therefore require sufficient mechanical strength to withstand the tightening pressure, light weight to obtain high energy densities, and stable chemical/electrochemical properties, as well as provide electrical insulation. The design criteria for end plates can be divided into three parts: the material, connecting method, and shape. In the past, end plates were made from metals such as aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel alloys, but due to corrosion problems, thermal losses, and their excessive weight, alternative materials such as plastics have been considered. Composite materials consisting of combinations of two or more materials have also been proposed for end plates to enhance their mechanical strength. Tie-rods have been traditionally used to connect end plates, but since the number of connecting parts has increased, resulting in assembly difficulties, new types of connectors have been contemplated. Ideas such as adding reinforcement or flat plates, or using bands or boxes to replace tie-rods have been proposed. Typical end plates are rectangular or cylindrical solid plates. To minimize the weight and provide a uniform pressure distribution, new concepts such as ribbed-, bomb-, or bow-shaped plates have been considered. Even though end plates were not an issue in fuel cell system designs in the past, they now provide a great challenge for designers. Changes in the materials, connecting methods, and shapes of an end plate allow us to achieve lighter, stronger end plates, resulting in more efficient fuel cell systems.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2015

상하부 스플릿 T 접합부를 이용한 스마트 CFT 기둥-보 접합부는 긴결재의 직경과 체결력, 스플릿 T 형강의 기하학적 형상, 재료적 물성 특성 등의 변화에 의하여 상이한 거동특성을 나타낸다. 본 논문은 반복하중을 받는 상 하부 스플릿 T 접합부의 구조적 거동에 대해 체계적으로 수행된 3차원 비선형 유한요소 해석으로부터 얻은 결과를 제시하고 있다. 이러한 상 하부 스플릿 T 접합부는 CFT 합성골조의 변위복원 및 충분한 에너지 소산 능력을 확보하기 위하여 초탄성 성질을 갖는 형상기억합금(SMA)과 강으로 제작된 봉과 T-stub가 적용된다. 부가적인 다양한 구조적 거동은 T-stub의 두께 및 게이지 거리로 상 하부 스플릿 T 접합부의 파라미터에 대한 영향을 설명하고 있다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.287-298
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• 2019

Lotus leaf has a special dual micro and nano surface structure which gives its highly hydrophobic surface characteristics and so-called self cleaning effect. In order to endow PVDF hollow fiber membrane with this special structure and improve the hydrophobicity of membrane surface, PVDF hollow fiber composite membranes was obtained through the immersion coating of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) dilute solution on the outside surface of PVDF support membrane. The prepared PVDF composite membranes were used in the vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) for the desalination. The effects of PVDF-HFP dilute solution concentration in the dope solution and coating time on VMD separation performance was studied. Membranes were characterized by SEM, WCA measurement, porosity, and liquid entry pressure of water. VMD test was carried out using $35g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NaCl aqueous solution as the feed solution at feed temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ and the permeate pressure of 31.3 kPa. The vapour flux reached a maximum when PVDF-HFP concentration in the dilute solution was 5 wt% and the coating time was kept in the range of 10-60 s. This was attributed to the well configuration of micro-nano rods which was similar with the dual micro-nano structure on the lotus leaf. Compared with the original PVDF membrane, the salt rejection can be well maintained which was greater than 99.99 % meanwhile permeation water conductivity was kept at a low value of $7-9{\mu}S{\cdot}cm^{-1}$ during the continuous testing for 360 h.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.344-351
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• 2005

본 연구는 법랑소주의 말단과 측면에 대한 3단계, 2단계 및 단일 단계 접착제의 미세전단 결합강도를 상호 비교하였다. 발거된 상$\cdot$하악 대구치를 근, 원심 방향으로 1mm 두께가 되도록 절단하였다. 시편 중 협면과 설면 중앙부의 최 외층을 법랑소주의 말단이 노출된 시편으로 이용하였고, 내측에서 얻어진 시편을 법랑소주의 측면이 노출된 시편으로 이용하였다. 사용된 접착제에 따라 4개의 군 (1군 All-Bond 2, 2군: Single Bond, 3군: Tyrian SPE/One-Step Plus, 4군: Adper Prompt L-Pop)으로 분류하였다. 각 군당 법랑소주의 말단과 측면이 노출된 시편을 각각 7개씩 선택하여 각각의 접착제와 Tygon tube를 이용하여 복합레진을 접착한 후, universal testing machine에서 분당 1 mm의 crosshead speed의 전단하중을 가하여 미세전단 결합강도를 측정하였다. 각 군의 미세전단 결합강도를 통계학적으로 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1 법랑소주 말단에 대한 미세전단 결합강도는 2군과 4군이 1군과 3군보다 통계학적으로 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05) 2. 법랑소주 측면에 대한 미세전단 결합강도는 2군은 1군, 3군, 4군보다 그리고 4군은 1군보다 통계학적으로 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 3. 모든 군에서 법랑소주 말단에 대한 미세전단 결합강도는 법랑소주 측면에 대한 결합강도보다 통계학적으로 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05).

• 소성∙가공
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.530-537
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• 2007

This paper is concerned with the analysis of plastic deformation of bimetal co-extrusion process. Two sets of material combination have been adopted for analysis, i.e. combinations of Cu/Al and Fe/Al. In the first set of material combination, the selected materials are AA 1100 aluminum alloy as hard material and CDA 110 as soft one. This type of material selection is to examine the effect of hard core and soft sleeve and vice versa on the deformation pattern in terms of plastic zone and velocity discontinuity along the contact surface between construction materials. Four different cases of co-extrusion process in terms of material combination and interference bonding were simulated to investigate the effect of material arrangement between core and sleeve, and of bonding on the plastic zones and velocity discontinuity. In the other set of material combination, model materials used as core and sleeve were AA 1100 and AISI 1010, which are relatively soft and hard, respectively. Process parameters except diameter ratio of core to sleeve material such as semi-die angle, reduction in area in global sense and die comer radius have been set constant throughout the simulation to concentrate our effort on the analysis of influence of diameter ratio on deformation behavior such as deformation zone, surface expansion, exit velocity discontinuity between composite materials, and extrusion forces.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.450-459
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• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 새로 개발한 점탄성 측정기를 사용하여 수종의 광중합 복합레진의 초기 동적 점탄성 변화를측정하는 것이다. 본 연구에 사용된 점탄성 측정기는 세 부분으로 구성되었다. 첫째, 시편이 놓여지는 parallel plates; 둘째, DC 모터와 크랭크로 이루어진 회전진동전단변형 (Oscillatory shear strain)을 발생시키는 부분; 셋째, 전자기적 토크센서를 이용한 응력 측정 부분으로 구성되었다. 본 점탄성 측정기는 최대 2 Ncm의 토크를 측정할 수 있으며, 광중합기의 스위치는 컴퓨터와 연동하여 데이터 획득을 시작할 때 동시에 켜지도록 하였다. 본 연구에서는 시판 중인 6종의 광중합 복합레진 [Z-100 (Z1), Z-250 (Z2), Z-350 (Z3), DenFil (DF), Tetric Ceram (TC), Clearfil AP-X (CF)]을 사용하였다. 점탄성 측정기를 사용하여 동적 회전전단실험을 시행하였다. 직경 3 mm인 유리막대로 구성된 parallel plates 사이에 $14.2\;mm^3$의 복합레진을 적용시켰으며, 6 Hz의 진동수와 0.00579 rad의 진폭으로 변형을 가하고 발생된 응력을 측정하였다. 광중합이 시작됨과 동시에 측정이 시작되었으며, 광중합 후 10초 동안 점탄성의 변화를 관찰하였다. 각 복합레진에 대해 5 회 반복하여 측정하였고, 실험은 $25{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$에서 진행되었다. 측정된 변형-응력 곡선으로부터 복소전단탄성계수 G*, 저장전단탄성 계수 G', 손실전단탄성 계수 G"를 구하였고 G*가 10 MPa에 이르는 시간을 구하였다. 각 재료의 복소전단탄성계수 G*와 10 MPa에 이르는 시간에 대해 일원분산분석 (One-way ANOVA)과 사후검정 (Tukey 검정)을 시행하였다 (${\alpha}$= 0.05). 결과는 다음과 같다. 1.본 연구를 위해 제작한 점탄성 측정기는 광중합 복합레진의 중합 초기 10초 동안의 동적 점탄성 변화를 신뢰성 있게 측정 할 수 있었다. 2. 모든 복합레진은 광조사 개시 후 $1{\sim}2$초의 불응기를 지난 다음 급격한 전단탄성계수의 증가를 보였다. 3. 모든 복합레진은 광중합 10 초간 손실전단탄성계수보다 저장전단탄성계수의 높은 증가를 보였다. 4. 광중합 초기 10초 후 복소전단탄성계수 값은 $150.3{\sim}563.7\;MPa$로, Z-100이 가장 높았고, 그 다음 Clearfil, Z-250, Z-350, Tetric Ceram, DenFil의 순이었다. 5. 복소전단탄성계수가 10 MPa에 이르는 시간은 Z-100이 2.55초로 가장 빨랐고, DenFil이 4.06초로 가장 느렸다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.811-820
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• 2013

SiC has been under investigation as a potential cladding for LWR fuel, due to its high melting point and drastically reduced chemical reactivity with liquid water, and steam at high temperatures. As SiC is a brittle material its behavior during the reflood phase of a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) is another important aspect of SiC that must be examined as part of the feasibility assessment for its application to LWR fuel rods. In this study, an experimental assessment of thermal shock performance of a monolithic alpha phase SiC tube was conducted by quenching the material from high temperature (up to $1200^{\circ}C$) into room temperature water. Post-quenching assessment was carried out by a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image analysis to characterize fractures in the material. This paper assesses the effects of pre-existing pores on SiC cladding brittle fracture and crack development/propagation during the reflood phase. Proper extension of these guidelines to an SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) cladding design is discussed.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.449-462
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• 2020

This work aims to study effects of the crack and the surface energy on the free longitudinal vibration of axially functionally graded nanorods. The surface energy parameters considered are the surface stress, the surface density, and the surface Lamé constants. The cracked nanorod is modelled by dividing it into two parts connected by a linear spring in which its stiffness is related to the crack severity. The surface and bulk material properties are considered to vary in the length direction according to the power law distribution. Hamilton's principle is implemented to derive the governing equation of motion and boundary conditions. Considering the surface stress causes that the derived governing equation of motion becomes non-homogeneous while this was not the case in works that only the surface density and the surface Lamé constants were considered. To extract the frequencies of nanorod, firstly the non-homogeneous governing equation is converted to a homogeneous one using an appropriate change of variable, and then for clamped-clamped and clamped-free boundary conditions the governing equation is solved using the harmonic differential quadrature method. Since the present work considers effects of all the surface energy parameters, it can be claimed that this is a comprehensive work in this regard.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2003년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.4 No.1
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• pp.436-439
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• 2003

FRP has been used widely for insulator. FRP consists of fiber and resin. The fiber contributes the high strength and modulus to the composite. The fiber orientation in FRP has a great effect on the strength of FRP because the strength of FRP mainly depends on the strength of fiber. In this study, FRP was made unidirectionally by pultrusion method. Outer part of the FRP was made by filament winding method to give fiber orientation to the FRP. And outer part of FRP was also made by wrapping method. The bending strength and bending stresses of FRP rods were simulated according to the winding orientation of glass fiber. The bending strength of FRP was also evaluated. The results of simulation and evaluation were compared each other to investigate main stresses which affect the fracture of FRP. The main stresses which had a great effect on the strength of FRP were shear stresses. Bending strength of the FRP was different with the winding angle. The bending strength of $15^{\circ}$ winded FRP was the highest.