• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.105-132
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• 2006

The major purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of environmental uncertainties and logistics resources capabilities mediated by relational norms and logistics services on logistics performance in the industrial products. The 272 data were collected from the key informants who were working at the logistics-related departments in the H Heavy Industries & Construction and HSD Engine. The following results were verified using structural equation modeling. First, environmental uncertainties such as dynamism and heterogeneity unexpectedly had insignificant effects on relational norms such as information exchange and flexibility and logistics services such as product availability and on-time delivery. Second, logistics resource capabilities showed unique effects based upon its component's characteristics. For example, Logistics Information Systems did not have direct impact on logistics services but had indirect effect on logistics services via relational norms. On the other hand, logistics resources such as logistics specific assets and transportation service competencies had direct impact on logistics services but not on relational norms. Third, relational norms between transaction partners significantly affected logistics services but had insignificant effects on logistics performance such as logistics costs reduction and delivery qualities. Fourth, consistent with several studies, excellent logistics services between industrial purchaser and suppliers based upon relational norms did have significant effect on logistics performance such as delivery consistency and delivery qualities. Finally, the empirical results in this study could be strategic logistics management guidelines based upon the theoretical relationships among the environmental uncertainties, logistics information systems, logistics resources, relational norms, logistics services, and logistics performance.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.25-33
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• 2023

With the growth of the battery industry, a rapid increase in the production and usage of lithium-ion batteries is expected, and in line with this, much interest and effort is being paid to recycle waste batteries, including production scrap. Although much effort has been made to recycle cathode material, much attention has begun to recycle anode material to secure the supply chain of critical minerals and improve recycling rates. The proximate analysis that measures the content of coal can be used to analyze graphite in anode material, but it cannot accurately analyze due to the interaction between the components of the black mass. Therefore, in this study, thermogravimetric analysis of each component of black mass was measured as the temperature increased up to 950℃ in an oxygen atmosphere. As a result, in the case of cathode material, no change in mass was measured other than a mass reduction of about 5% due to oxidation of the binder and conductive material. In the case of anode material, except for a mass reduction of about 2% due to the binder, all mass reduction were due to the graphite(fixed carbon). In addition, metal conductors (Al, Cu) were oxidized and their mass increased as the temperature increased. Thermal analysis results of mixed samples of cathode/anode show similar results to the predictive values that can be calculated through each cathode and anode analysis results.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.497-512
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• 2023

While scientific explanation is a fundamental component of science, teachers often lack familiarity with the formal structure of scientific explanations and the criteria for assessing their quality. Consequently, this study aims to clarify the concept of scientific explanation and proposes a tool for constructing scientific explanations. The primary objective is to explore the tool's impact on enhancing the explanatory skills of pre-service teachers when it comes to the phenomenon of condensation. The research findings indicate that many pre-service teachers initially operated at a description level during the pre-test. However, the implementation of the tool enabled them to advance their explanatory skills beyond the associative level. Notably, the tool was analyzed for its ability to provide pre-service teachers with a conceptual framework for explaining phenomena and guiding logical explanations and micro-level interpretations. This study holds significance in demonstrating that pre-service teachers can comprehend the formalities and criteria of scientific explanations and apply them to enhance their own explanatory abilities. Moving forward, efforts should be made to enhance the scientific explanation level among pre-service teachers across various topics and subject areas. Furthermore, pre-service teachers need classroom experiences that foster the construction of scientific explanations in authentic contexts.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.107-114
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• 2024

Objective : Cicadae Periostracum (CP), which is the discarded shell of the Cryptotympana atrata (Fabricius, 1775), is a recognized component of oriental medicine for treatment sore throat, itching, shock, sedation, edema. However, the safety and toxicity of CP have not yet been established. It has been reported that symptoms of addiction or side effects may occur in patients who take high doses of CP or who are hypersensitive to it. Therefore, we investigated the acute toxicity of an CP extracts in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods : To study acute toxicity, five SD rats of each sex per group were treated with CP extracts at single doses of 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg administrated by oral gavage, and body weight, clinical signs, and mortality were observed after dosing. At the end of 14-day observation period, all animals were sacrificed and complete hematological and macroscopic examinations were performed. Results : There were no dead animal and test article-related effects on body weight change or the gross finding. No toxicologically significant results were observed between control and treated groups in hematology. Although salivation related to stress at the highest dose was observed in clinical signs immediately after administration, it is considered to have no toxicological significance. Conclusion : As the results, we did not find any adverse effect at the dose levels of 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg in rats. The minimal lethal dose was considered to be over 2000 mg/kg body weight in rats.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.517-524
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• 2024

This study aims to train and implement a deep learning model for the fusion of website creation and artificial intelligence, in the era known as the AI revolution following the launch of the ChatGPT service. The deep learning model was trained using 3,000 collected web page images, processed based on a system of component and layout classification. This process was divided into three stages. First, prior research on AI models was reviewed to select the most appropriate algorithm for the model we intended to implement. Second, suitable web page and paragraph images were collected, categorized, and processed. Third, the deep learning model was trained, and a serving interface was integrated to verify the actual outcomes of the model. This implemented model will be used to detect multiple paragraphs on a web page, analyzing the number of lines, elements, and features in each paragraph, and deriving meaningful data based on the classification system. This process is expected to evolve, enabling more precise analysis of web pages. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the development of precise analysis techniques will lay the groundwork for research into AI's capability to automatically generate perfect web pages.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.322-331
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• 2024

Purpose: Human breast milk (HBM) contains immune components that produced and delivered from the mother along with nutrients necessary for the baby. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small noncoding RNA molecule, that is used as an ideal biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and are more abundant in HBM. We analyzed and compared the immune components and miRNAs of HBM. Methods: HBM were collected from 20 healthy breastfeeding mothers. We measured the amount of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and extracted the miRNAs from each breast milk samples. Next, the top 5 and bottom 5 expressed miRNAs were compared and analyzed based on the amounts of the 3 immune components. Results: The mean levels and ranges of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA were 6.33 (2.24-14.77)×10⁶ ng/mL, 9.90 (1.42-17.59)×10⁷ pg/mL, and 6.64 (0.48-20.01)×10⁵ ng/mL, respectively. The miRNAs concentration per 1 mL of skim milk was 40.54 (14.95-110.01) ng/μL. Comparing the bottom 5 and top 5 groups of each immune component, 19 miRNAs were significantly upregulated (6, 9, and 4 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively) and 21 were significantly downregulated (4, 9, and 8 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively). There were no miRNAs that were expressed significantly higher or lower in common to all 3 components. However, 2 and 3 miRNAs were commonly overexpressed and underexpressed, in the top 5 groups of lysozyme and IgA concentrations. Conclusion: We identified the immune components and miRNAs in breast milk and found that each individual has different ingredients.

• The Korean journal of internal medicine
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.458-468
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• 2024

Background/Aims: The SAMe-TT₂R₂ score is used for assessing anticoagulation control (AC) quality with warfarin. However, it is hard to apply SAMe-TT₂R₂ score in Asian patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), because it has not been proven in those populations. This study aimed to validate the SAMe-TT₂R₂ score in Asian patients with AF and suggest a modified SAMe-TT₂R₂ score for this population. Methods: We analyzed 710 Korean patients with AF who were using warfarin. The AC quality was assessed as the mean time in therapeutic range (TTR). Each component of SAMe-TT₂R₂ score was evaluated for the relationship with AC. Further clinical factors that predict AC were analyzed. Identified factors were re-assorted and constructed as SA₂Me-TTR scoring system. Results: Of the components of the SAMe-TT₂R₂ score, female, age, and rhythm control were associated with AC. Heart failure and renal insufficiency were newly identified factors associated with AC. The modified SA₂Me-TTR score was reconstructed with the relevant risk factors (S, female gender, 1 point; A, age < 60 yr, 2 points; Me, medical history of heart failure, 1 point; T, treatment for rhythm control, 1 point; T, history of stroke or transient ischemic attack, 1 point; R, renal insufficiency, 1 point). The modified SA₂Me-TTR score demonstrated an excellent relationship with the grading of AC. The modified SA₂Me-TTR score ≤ 1 identified patients with good AC (hazard ratio 2.46, 95% CI 1.75-3.47). Conclusions: The modified SA₂Me-TTR score was useful for guiding oral anticoagulants selection in Asian patients with AF.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.86-103
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• 2024

This study interprets the evolving ideologies of Singapore's urban environmental policies focusing on the meanings encapsulated within the notion of 'garden'. Through a comprehensive review of policy documents, legislative materials, development projects, government promotional materials, and organizational changes in each era, the study identifies three phases, each with distinct central themes. Commencing in the 1960s, the initial phase projected a meticulously controlled and managed cityscape using the notion of garden, which was epitomized by the slogan 'Garden City'. In this phase, garden was a representative concept that embodied the cleanliness and greenness of the city, and also served as a strategic rhetoric to effectively transfer the ideology of an exemplary picturesque city to the public. Subsequently, in the 1970s, the focus gradually shifted from individual green spaces and bodies of water towards a collective system which served as a foundational infrastructure of the city-nation. This evolution was reflected in the new slogan 'City in a Garden', where the garden is now not only summoned for its external appearance but also as an unified system which serves as the cornerstone of the city. Through these phases, the Singaporean government developed a scheme capable of integrated management of green spaces and water resources tailored to the scale and function of each. Building upon this foundation, the early 2000s saw the adoption of a new orientation focusing on sustainability and urban ecology, encapsulated in the revised slogan 'City in Nature'. For more than five decades, Singapore has demonstrated an adept utilization of the notion 'garden'. This scholarly examination underscores Singapore's journey in redefining urban landscapes through the strategic employment of the concept of garden in its urban environmental policies. By tracing the evolution of the garden concept across distinct phases, the study illuminates how the Singaporean government leveraged the garden's versatility: from an effective metaphor of aesthetic values to an integral component of its holistic urban system, and finally to a bridge between the urban and the natural.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.117-134
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify the stage of concern, the level of use, and the innovation configuration of Home Economics teachers regarding creativity and personality education in Home Economics(HE) classes. The survey questionnaires were sent through mails and e-mails to middle-school HE teachers in the whole country selected by systematic sampling and convenience sampling. Questionnaires of the stages of concern and the levels of use developed by Hall(1987) were used in this study. 187 data were used for the final analysis by using SPSS/window(12.0) program. The results of the study were as following: First, for the stage of concerns of HE teachers on creativity and personality education, the information stage of concerns(85.51) was the one with the highest response rate and the next high in the following order: the management stage of concerns(81.88), the awareness stage of concerns(82.15), the refocusing stage of concerns(68.80), the collaboration stage of concerns(61.97), and the consequence stage of concerns(59.76). Second, the levels of use of HE teachers on creativity and personality education was highest with the mechanical levels(level 3; 21.4%) and the next high in the following order: the orientation levels of use(level 1; 20.9%), the refinement levels(level 5; 17.1%), the non-use levels(level 0; 15.0%), the preparation levels(level 2; 10.2%), the integration levels(level 6; 5.9%), the renewal levels(level 7; 4.8%), the routine levels(level 4; 4.8%). Third, for the innovation configuration of HE teachers on creativity and personality education, more than half of the HE teachers(56.1%) mainly focused on personality education in their HE classes; 31.0% of the HE teachers performed both creativity and personality education; a small number of teachers(6.4%) focused on creativity education; the same number of teachers(6.4%) responded that they do not focus on neither of the two. Examining the level and type of performance HE teachers applied, the average score on the performance of creativity and personality education was 3.76 out of 5.00 and the mean of creativity component was 3.59 and of personality component was 3.94, higher than standard. For the creativity education, openness/sensitivity(3.97) education was performed most and the next most in the following order: problem-solving skill(3.79), curiosity/interest(3.73), critical thinking(3.63), problem-finding skill(3.61), originality(3.57), analogy(3.47), fluency/adaptability(3.46), precision(3.46), imagination(3.37), and focus/sympathy(3.37). For the personality education, the following components were performed in order from most to least: power of execution(4.07), cooperation/consideration/just(4.06), self-management skill(4.04), civic consciousness(4.04), career development ability(4.03), environment adaptability(3.95), responsibility/ownership(3.94), decision making(3.89), trust/honesty/promise(3.88), autonomy(3.86), and global competency(3.55). Regarding what makes performing creativity and personality education difficult, most HE teachers(64.71%) chose the lack of instructional materials and 40.11% of participants chose the lack of seminar and workshop opportunity. 38.5% chose the difficulty of developing an evaluation criteria or an evaluation tool while 25.67% responded that they do not know any means of performing creativity and personality education. Regarding the better way to support for creativity and personality education, the HE teachers chose in order from most to least: 'expansion of hands-on activities for students related to education on creativity and personality'(4.34), 'development of HE classroom culture putting emphasis on creativity and personality'(4.29), 'a proper curriculum on creativity and personality education that goes along with students' developmental stages'(4.27), 'securing enough human resource and number of professors who will conduct creativity and personality education'(4.21), 'establishment of the concept and value of the education on creativity and personality'(4.09), and 'educational promotion on creativity and personality education supported by local communities and companies'(3.94).

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.175-188
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to develop an Earth systems-based earth science module and to investigate the effects of field application. The module was applied to two classrooms of a total of 76 second-year high schoolers, in order to investigate the effectiveness of the developed module. Data was collected from observations in earth science classrooms, interviews, and questionnaires. The findings were as follows. First, the Earth systems-based earth science module was designed to be associated with the aims of the national Earth Science Curriculum and to improve students' Earth science literacy. The module was composed of two sections for a total of seven instructional hours for high schoolers. The former sections included the understanding of the Earth system through the understanding of each individual component of the system, its characteristics, properties and structure. The latter section of the module, consisting of 4 instructional hours, dealt with earth environmental problems, the understanding of subsystems changing through natural processes and cycles, and human interactions and their effects upon Earth systems. Second, the module was helpful in learning about the importance of understanding the interactions between water, rock, air, and life when it comes to understanding the Earth system, its components, characteristics, and properties. The Earth systems-based earth science module is a valuable and helpful instructional material which can enhance students' understanding of Earth systems and earth science literacy.