• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.582-594
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• 2016

Most studies on hybrid buses are on large-sized buses and not mid-sized low-floor buses. This study uses MATLAB simulation to evaluate the fuel efficiency of such buses powered by diesel. Based on the results, a hybrid electric vehicle system is recommended for the best combination of power and gear ratio. A parallel hybrid system was selected for the hybridization, which transmits front and rear wheel power independently. The necessary power to satisfy the target performance was calculated, and the applicable capacity area was designed. Dynamic programing was used to create and optimize a component sizing algorithm, which was used to scale the capacity of each component of the power source to satisfy the design criteria. The fuel efficiency rate, optimum power source capacity, and gear ratio can be improved by converting a conventional bus into a parallel hybrid bus.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.71-82
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• 2000

The purpose of this paper is to clarify geomorphic features and development on the boulder stream of granitoid in Korea. Considering the purpose and the method of this paper, three boulder streams are selected : Biseulsan(Mt. Biseul) boulder stream (Daegu city), Maneosan (Mt. Maneo) boulder stream(Gyeongnam province), Geumjeongsan(Mt. Geumjeong) boulder stream (Busan city). The boulder streams mentioned above are bigger in scale and more typical in shape than any other ones in the Korean Peninsula. The main results are summarized as follows. 1. The following are the main features of the boulder streams morphology : the mean gradient is $3{\sim}25^{\circ}$, the longer axes of the component boulders within the deposits averaged about 2m in length, the shapes of the component boulders may be both subangular and subrounded features. 2. The formation of the component boulders is associated with deep weathering of granitoid under warm humid conditions, and the downward movement of boulders occurred by solifluction and frost creep under periglacial conditions. 3. The geomorphic development stage of the boulder streams may be classified into four stages. These boulder streams come under fossil landform stage, the 4th stage ; evidence provided by lichens and weathering features indicate inactive or fossil landform. 4. In generally, boulder streams are well developed on shallow valley floors.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.23-39
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• 1989

There have been a lot of considerable. discussion and debate surrounding the management model in the health insurance management system and opinions regarding the management operating cost. It is a well known fact that there have always been dissenting opinions and debates surrounding the issue. The management operating cost varies according to the scale of the management organization and component members characteristics of the insurance carrier. Therefore, it is necessary to examine and compare the management operating cost to the simulated management models developed to cover those eligible for the health insurance scheme in this country. Since the management operating cost can vary according to the different models of management, four alternative management models have been established based on the critical evaluation of existing theories concerned, as well as on the basis of the survey results and simulation attempts. The first alternative model is the Unique Insurance Carrier Model(Ⅰ) ; desigened to cover all of the people with no classification of insurance qualifications and finances from the source of contribution of the insured, nationwide. The second is the Management Model of Large-scale District Insurance Carrier(Ⅱ) ; this means the Korean society would be divided into 21 large districts; each having its own insurance carrier that would cover the people in that particular district with no classification of insurance qualifications arid finances as in Model I. The third is the Management Model of Insurance Carrier Divided by Area and Classified with Occupation if Largescale (Ⅲ) ; to serve the self-employed in the 21 districts divided as in Model Ⅱ. It would serve the employees and their dependents by separate insurance carriers in large-scale similar to the area of the district-scale for the self-employed, so that the insurance qualifications and finances would be classified with each of the insurance carriers: The last is the Management Model of the Multi - insurance Carrier (Ⅳ) based on the Si. Gun. Gu area which will cover their own self- employed people in the area with more than 150 additional insurance carriers covering the employees and their dependents. The manpower necessary to provide services to all of the people according to the four models is calculated through simulation trials. It indicates that the Management Model of Large-scale District Insurance Carrier requires the most manpower among the four alternative models. The unit management operating costs per the insured individuals and covered persons are leveled with several intervals based on the insurance recipients. in their characteristics. The interval levels derived from the regression analysis reveal that the larger the scale of the insurance carriers is in the number of those insured and covered. the more the unit management operating cost decreases. significantly. Moreover. the result of the quadratic functional formula also shows the U-shape significantly. The management operating costs derived from the simulated calculation. on the basis of the average salary and related cost per staff- member of the Health Insurance Societies for Occupational Labours and Korean Medical Insurance Corporation for the Official Servants and Private School Teachers in 1987 fiscal year. show that the Model of Multi-insurance Carrier warrants the highest management operating cost. Meanwhile the least expensive management operating cost is the Management Model of Unique Insurance Carrier. Insurance Carrier Divided by Area and Classified with Occupation in Large-scale. and Large-scale District Insurance Carrier. in order. Therefore. it is feasible to select the Unique Insurance Carrier Model among the four alternatives from the viewpoint of the management operating cost and in the sense of the flexibility in promoting the productivity of manpower in the human services field. However. the choice of the management model for health insurance systems and its application should be examined further utilizing the operation research analysis for such areas as the administrative efficiency and factors related to computer cost etc.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.2870-2874
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• 2011

Soil pollution around railroad has been occurred mainly by diesel and lubricant oil, which is difficult to treat due to high carbon number. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of inorganic-inorganic nanohybrid photo-catalyst for the remediation of diesel-contaminated railroad soil. Generally, the $TiO_2$ nanoparticle easily removes organic pollutants due to photo and natural clay of layer structure. Also, montmorillonite (MMT) have an excellent absorption property with organic component. So, we prepared $TiO_2$ pillared MMT nanohybrid photo-catalyst as a chemical oxidant through the integration of theses advantage. As a result, the removal efficiency of diesel was more than 45% at a laboratory-scale test with diesel concentration and the amount of $TiO_2$-MMT. In future, we will improve the removal efficiency of diesel to optimize experimental parameters and apply the field soil The remediation method using photo-catalyst can be used to clean up the railroad soil polluted with high concentration instead of common methods such as soil washing, bioremediation, etc..

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.403-412
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean version of shortened Nursing Decision-Making Instrument developed by Lauri & $Salanter{\ddot{a}}$(2002). Methods: The subjects were 247 nurses working in eight hospitals of Korea. Data were collected by questionnaires from June to July, 2012 and were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis for construct validity and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient for reliability. Results: Factor loadings of the four subscales ranged from .32 to .73. The explained variance from the four factors was 48.54% of the total variance. The factors were named 'implementation of plan, monitoring and evaluation', 'plans of action', 'data collection', and 'data processing and identification'. The first factor consisted of 6 items which explained 13.21% of the total variance and the second factor contained 8 items. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficients of the four subscales were from .64 to .81. Conclusion: The Korean version of the shortened Nursing Decision-Making Instrument has satisfactory construct validity and reliability. However, that the scores of the analytic items weren't reversed unlike the analysis method of the original tools is the biggest limitation of this study. In addition, based on the fact that there were several discrepancies for item interpretation of Korean comparing to the findings of the instrument development study, repetitive researches would be suggested.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.59-68
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• 2014

Climate change influences multiple environmental aspects, certain of which are specifically related to agricultural water resources such as water supply, water management, droughts and floods. Understanding the impact of climate change on reservoirs in relation to the passage of time is an important component of water resource management for stable water supply maintenance. Changes on rainfall and hydrologic patterns due to climate change can increases the occurrence of reservoir water shortage and affect the future availability of agricultural water resources. It is a main concern for sustainable development in agricultural water resources management to evaluate adaptation capability of water supply under the future climate conditions. The purpose of this study is to predict the sustainability of agricultural water demand and supply under future climate change by applying an irrigation vulnerability assessment model to investigate evidence of climate change occurrences at a local scale with respect to potential water supply capacity and irrigation water requirement. Thus, it is a recommended practice in the development of water supply management strategies on reservoir operation under climate change.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2012

In this paper an extension to an original active shape model(ASM) for facial feature extraction is presented. The original ASM suffers from poor shape alignment by aligning the shape model to a new instant of the object in a given image using a simple similarity transformation. It exploits only informations such as scale, rotation and shift in horizontal and vertical directions, which does not cope effectively with the complex pose variation. To solve the problem, new shape alignment with 6 degrees of freedom is derived, which corresponds to an affine transformation. Another extension is to speed up the calculation of the Mahalanobis distance for 2-D profiles by trimming the profile covariance matrices. Extensive experiment is conducted with several images of varying poses to check the performance of the proposed method to segment the human faces.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.101-106
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• 2004

In this paper, a blood vessel in an angiographic image, which plays an importance role in the diagnose diseases including in the eyes, brain and heart, is enhanced by using a directed diffusion technique. A fundamental component of the angiographic analysis is vessel segmentation that the proposed method provides a preprocessing of the image into a form suitable for human analysis, or more importantly, for machine analysis such the segmentation. Vessel enhancement is a challenging problem due to the complex nature of vascular trees and to imaging imperfections. Some parts of the inherent imperfections in angiography are the intensity inhomogeneity between the larger and smaller vessels, and another imperfection is the leakage of contrast agent into the background tissue that provides to low contrast between vessels and tissue. In the proposed scheme, the directed diffusion solves the problem by formulating a local geometric structure, which consists of direction and scale of the blood vessels. The diffusion process uses the local structure to enhance by a diffusivity tensor. The proposed algorithm can be applied to maintain sharpness and coherence-smooth the intra-regions into homogeneity better than traditional diffusion methods, which are Gaussian regulation and coherence enhancing diffusion.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2000.11d
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• pp.155-158
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• 2000

In this paper, the quantization noise in block-based video coding is analyzed, and a post-processing method based on the analysis is presented for reducing the quantization noise by using a wavelet transform(WT). In the proposed method, the quantization noise is considered as the sum of a blocking noise expressed as a deterministic profile and the random remainder noise. Each noise is removed in a viewpoint of image restoration using a 1-D WT, which yields a regularized differentiation. The blocking noise first is reduced by weakening the strength of each blocking noise component that appears as an impulse in the first scale wavelet domain. The impulse strength estimation is performed using median filter, quantization parameter(QP), and local activity. The remainder noise, which is considered as a white noise at non-edge pixels, then is reduced by soft-thresholding. The experimental results show that the proposed method yields better performance in terms if subjective quality as well as PSNR performance over VM post-filter in MPEG-4 for all test sequences of various compression ratios. We also present a fast post-processing in spatial domain equivalent to that in wavelet domain for real-time application.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.3865-3883
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• 2016

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) encapsulates computer hardware into a large amount of virtual and manageable instances mainly in the form of virtual machine (VM), and provides rental service for users. Currently, VM anomaly incidents occasionally occur, which leads to performance issues and even downtime. This paper aims at detecting anomalous VMs based on performance metrics data of VMs. Due to the dynamic nature and increasing scale of IaaS, detecting anomalous VMs from voluminous correlated and non-Gaussian monitored performance data is a challenging task. This paper designs an anomaly detection framework to solve this challenge. First, it collects 53 performance metrics to reflect the running state of each VM. The collected performance metrics are testified not to follow the Gaussian distribution. Then, it employs independent components analysis (ICA) instead of principal component analysis (PCA) to extract independent components from collected non-Gaussian performance metric data. For anomaly detection, it employs multi-class Bayesian classification to determine the current state of each VM. To evaluate the performance of the designed detection framework, four types of anomalies are separately or jointly injected into randomly selected VMs in a campus-wide testbed. The experimental results show that ICA-based detection mechanism outperforms PCA-based and LDA-based detection mechanisms in terms of sensitivity and specificity.