• Speech Sciences
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.39-51
• /
• 2008

Formant measurements are one of the most important factors to objectively test cross-linguistic differences among vowels produced by speakers of any given languages. However, many speech analysis softwares present erroneous estimates and some researchers use them without any verification procedures. The purposes of this paper are to examine formant measurements of complex waves which were synthesized from the average formant values of five Korean vowels using three default methods in Praat and to verify the measured values of the five vowels produced by 20 students using one of the methods. Variances along the time axis are discussed after determining absolute difference sum from the 1/3 vowel duration point. Results show that there were smaller measurement errors by the burg method. Also, greater errors were observed in the sl or lpc methods mostly caused by the inappropriate formant settings. Formant measurement deviations were greater in those vowels produced by the female students than those of the male students, which were mostly attributed to the settings for the vowels /o, u/. Formant settings can best be corrected by changing the number of formants to the number of visible dark bands on the spectrogram. Those results suggest that researchers should check the validity of the estimates from the speech analysis software. Further studies are recommended on the perception test of the original sound with the synthesized sound by the estimated formant values.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.190-202
• /
• 1995

The Optical Art is based on the principle of visual perception of the illusionary effects which induce psychological responses. It has influenced greatly on the Texile Design in that unique iJlusionary creativity of pattern simulates the visual sense of special movement; the dynamic psylosophy of vitalism. The Optical pattern has become a highly valued item due to its innovative effect in aesthetic direction. According to Vitor Vasarely the pioneer in this area, the integration and the inseparability of form and color which he calls 'Plastic Unity' provides the basis for the composition of infinite variety. The composition of infinite variety. The composition reveals the complex interaction between the space and form relating to order, repetition, combination and permutation. It is not simple to create optical patterns due to the extreme complexity composed by the multi-dimension and the infusion of form and color giving immensely varied movement. The purposes of this study are as follows; 1) to classify the complex processes of optical pattern on the basis of formative method. 2) to develop creative ideas for progressive contemporary textile design In this study, the analysis of applied methods is concentrated, which is based 1) on the gradual modification and on the transformation of the basic plastic elements which depend on thle direction of visual points involVing contradictory perspectives 2) on the composition varied special situations by repeating, overlapping and converging a series of idetUical units or by means of irrdiation, radiation and etc.

• Land and Housing Review
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.47-57
• /
• 2020

In this study, we aimed to identify the latest trends of landscape in apartment complexes by identifying how landscaping spaces are being created and what their characteristics are. Furthermore, we aimed to find out what type of garden is being constructed in the landscaping space and what the difference between the landscaping space and the garden space is, and to define the future direction of landscape for apartment complexes. The following results were our findings. First, we identified that landscaping space is divided into general landscaping space and garden space. The garden space has designated area within the whole apartment complex as a garden and there is a variety of garden themes and plants, facilities, packaging patterns, and sculptures are used accordingly. On the other hands general landscaping space features uniform patterns of packaging and simple planting patterns. Our finding is that the current trend is to set up separate garden space within the landscaping space of apartment complexes. Although gardens are often regarded as personal property and spaces that need to be cultivated or managed, and spaces that are limited to fences are defined as gardens, the current landscaping space of apartments is creating gardens-like spaces within public spaces.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.55-66
• /
• 2014

This study analyzed the recognition of local residents surrounding farmland conversion area. The details of the survey on the residents included recognition of farmland conversion, the usage and reason of farmland conversion in the surrounding area, impacts of farmland conversion on the local region and agricultural production, and change in farmland prices. According to the analysis, the aging of the local residents progressed, and the ratio of farming population was high in the case study area. There were many warehouse facilities and small scale factories in terms of farmland conversion in the case study area, due to the surrounding area characteristics of industrial complex and relatively cheaper land prices. The farmland conversion affected the local area and residents both positively and negatively, and the surrounding area's land prices rose. The policy implications, based on the findings in this study, indicate the following need to be carried out: the consolidation of action on farmland pollution upon farmland conversion, review of planned collective conversion mode, and return of the land price hike profits to the affected local area and residents. Actually, farmland conversion should be conducted, after a comprehensive and systematic review, because it affects the local area and residents in a complex way.

• Acta Via Serica
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.133-152
• /
• 2022

Both in popular perception and specialized literature, the Achaemenid Empire, for over two centuries the most important player from the Aegean to the Indus, is rarely evoked in correlation with the complex of socio-cultural dynamics which shaped the spaces of what has become known as the Silk Road(s). Building on the case study of the Pazyryk carpet on the one hand (King 2021, 353-361, Linduff and Rubinson 2021, 88-97), and of the spread of an artistic motive such as the quatrefoil on the other (Kim 2021), this paper explores the rich and complex nature of the commercial networks that flourished across Central Asia under the aegis of Achaemenid Great Kings. Both archaeological and literary evidence shall be discussed (especially the Aramaic Documents from Ancient Bactria: Naveh and Shaked 2012, and now King 2021, 315-320). If taken together and read against the grain, such material is significant for the following reasons. First, it suggests the existence - and the scale - of commercial activities directly fostered or indirectly promoted by the imperial administration in Central Asia, an area of crucial importance within the Achaemenid domains, but for which our evidence is rather scanty and difficult to assess. Second, it shows how the Achaemenid "Imperial Paradigm" (Henkelman 2017) affected the social and economic landscape of Central Asia even after the demise of the Empire itself, thus considerably shaping the world of the Silk Road(s) a century before the Ancient Sogdian Letters (de la Vaissière 2005, 43-70) or Zhāng Quiān's famous report.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• 제43권1호
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2016

Climate changes are shifting the perception of C4 photosynthetic crops due to their superior adaptability to harsh conditions. The tribe Andropogoneae includes some economically important grasses, such as Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Miscanthus spp., and Saccharum spp., representing C4 photosynthetic grasses. Although the Andropogoneae grasses diverged fairly recently, their genomic structures are remarkably different from each other. As previously reported, the family Poaceae shares the pan-cereal duplication event occurring ca. 65 MYA. Since this event, Sorghum bicolor has never experienced any additional duplication event. However, some lineage-specific duplication events were reported in Z. mays and Saccharum spp., and, more recently, it was revealed that a shared allotetraploidization event occurred before the divergence between Miscanthus and Saccharum (but after the divergence from S. bicolor), which provided important clues to those two species having large genome sizes with complicated ploidy numbers. The complex genomic structures of sugarcane and Miscanthus (defined as the Saccharum complex along with some other taxa) have had a limiting effect on the use of their molecular information in breeding programs. For the last decade, genomics-associated technologies have become an important tool for molecular crop breeding (genomics-assisted breeding, GAB), but it has not been directly applied to sugarcane and Miscanthus due to their complicated genome structures. As genomics research advances, molecular breeding of those crops can take advantage of technical improvements at a reasonable cost through comparative genomic approaches. Active genomic research of non-model species using closely related model species will facilitate the improvement of those crops in the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.623-634
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study is to suggest improvement measures focusing on traffic accidents in apartment complexes that occur to children among life safety accidents. Roads in most apartment complexes are not "roads" under the Road Traffic Act. In addition, there is no mandatory punishment or regulations, so the perception of the danger of traffic accidents in apartment complexes is very low. Recent, traffic in automobiles and motorcycles is increasing in the apartment complex, and traffic accidents are frequently occurring due to low safety awareness for both drivers and pedestrians. Accordingly, this study attempted to identify cases of traffic accidents in children's apartment complexes and to present problems and improvement measures for accidents. Problems of traffic accidents through child traffic accidents The current affairs are meaningful in that they are aware of dangers to children, carers, and drivers, and suggest traffic safety measures in apartment complexes.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• 제21권7호
• /
• pp.63-69
• /
• 2021

Flipped learning is necessary for modern education but quite difficult to implement. In pedagogical science, the question remains to what extent the practical work of the teacher in combination with the technologies of flipped learning will improve the quality of higher education. The aim of this article is to study the effectiveness and feasibility of using flipped learning technologies, assessing their perception by students (advantages and problems), identified an algorithm for introducing flipped learning technology in higher education institutions. Research methods. The main method is an experiment. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the study was conducted using a questionnaire and observation method. Statistical methods were used to evaluate the results of the experiment. The research hypothesis is that flipped learning allows the teacher to spend more time on an individual approach, to understand the real needs of students, and provide effective feedback, thereby improving the quality of learning and motivation of students, especially while studying complex material. The results of the study are to prove the effectiveness of the technology of flipped education in the study of complex disciplines, courses, topics. The use of flipped learning strategies improves the self-regulation of the educational process, group work skills, improves students' ability to learn, overcome difficulties. The technology of flipped learning in the presence of modern technical means and constant work on improving the level of digital literacy is an effective means for students to master complex topics and problematic issues that require additional consideration and discussion. The perspective of further research is the consideration of integrated approaches to the application of flipped learning technologies to the principles of STEAM-education, multilingual and multicultural programs, etc. It is also worth continuing to develop a set of methods aimed at enhancing the student's learning activities, the formation of group work skills, direct participation in creating the foundations of higher education.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.80-87
• /
• 2021

Background: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)-related hand lesions are one of the complications following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). This study aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes of patients with CRPS-related hand lesions following ARCR. Methods: Altogether, 103 patients with ARCR were included in this study (mean age, 63.6±8.2 years; 66 males and 37 females; follow-up period, preoperative to 12 months postoperative). Clinical assessment included the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) score, Constant score, 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) score, and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) score from preoperative to 12 months postoperatively. The patients were either assigned to the CRPS group or non-CRPS group depending on CRPS diagnosis until the final follow-up, and clinical outcomes were then compared between the groups. Results: Of 103 patients, 20 (19.4%) had CRPS-related hand lesions that developed entirely within 2 months postoperatively. Both groups showed significant improvement in JOA, UCLA, and Constant scores preoperatively to 12 months postoperatively (p<001). Comparisons between the two groups were not significantly different, except for SF-36 "general health perception" (p<0.05) at 12 months postoperatively. At final follow-up, three patients had residual CRPS-related hand lesions with limited range of motion and finger edema. Conclusions: CRPS-related hand lesions developed in 19.4% of patients following ARCR. Shoulder or upper-limb function improved in most cases at 12 months, with satisfactory SF-36 patient-based evaluation results. Patients with residual CRPS-related hand lesions at the last follow-up require long-term follow-up.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.68-75
• /
• 2017

This study has a purpose to analyse changes in perception and image about engineering and technology of students who participated in the engineering camp. To achieve this objective, the questions were as follows. 1) What about participants' image difference for engineering before and after participating the engineering camp 2) What about participants' image difference for technology before and after participating the engineering camp. For this study, the program was progressed from Aug in 2017 and the data was collected from 88 students, middle school seniors and high school freshmen. The results of this study were as follows: First, secondary students perceived 'valuable(6.74)', 'meaningful(6.73)', 'rich(6.40)', 'collaborative(6.42)', 'nice(6.22)' as high image rank of the positive response for engineering. On the other hand, 'complex(3.59)', 'labored(3.80)', 'hard(4.66)', 'dangerous(4.48)', 'cold(4.86)' were perceived as low image rank of the negative response for engineering. We can realize that they generally has the image that engineering is valuable, meaningful and nice but also labored, complex and hard. The students who participated in the engineering camp showed the greatest difference in 'complex - simple' and 'dangerous - safe' engineering categories before and after the camp, followed by 'cold - hot', 'labored - easy', and 'hard - soft', respectively. Second, secondary students perceived 'meaningful(6.58)', 'valuable(6.55)', 'wide(6.38)', 'nice(6.37)', 'strong(6.25)' as high image rank of the positive response for technology. On the other hand, 'complex(3.85)', 'labored(3.93)', 'hard(4.62)', 'dangerous(4.72)', 'cold(5.05)' were perceived as low image rank of the negative response for technology. The students who participated in the engineering camp had the big change in 'hard - soft' technology category before and after the camp, followed by 'complex - simple', 'labored - easy', 'theoretical - practical' and 'dangerous - safe', respectively. We can see that the negative images for technology which were complex, labored, dangerous, theoretical was improved with positive image such as simple, easy, safe and practical, after conducting the engineering camp. In conclusion, both image recognitions for engineering and technology have improved after the camp. It means that interesting and entertaining engineering-technology program can boost interests in engineering and technology which felt difficult, so that images about them can be turned out positive. Also, it is possible to reduce avoidance of natural science and engineering subjects, as part of the purpose of training creative talents in science and engineering, so it can be said that the engineering camp is highly meaningful because it can lead students into the field of science and engineering.