• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.45-59
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of ultrasound on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Adjuvant arthritis was induced in 26 female Sprauge-Dawley rats by the subcutaneous injection of a single dose of .1 mL of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) (1 mg of Mycobacterium Butyricum suspended in .1 $m{\ell}$ paraffin oil) into the right hind paw. After confirming inflammatory edema and arthritis in the paw 2 weeks later, the arthritic rats were divided into 3 groups, i.e., a control group, a pulsed ultrasound group (Group A), and a continuous ultrasound group (Group B) with 8 rats placed in each group. The rats in Group A were treated with pulsed ultrasound at 1 MHz frequency with .5 $W/cm^2$ intensity in 1 : 4 mode for 3 minutes. The rats in Group B were treated with continuous ultrasound at 1 MHz frequency with 2 $W/cm^2$ intensity in the continuous mode for 3 minutes. The ultrasound treatment was done in the left and right ankles for 2 weeks. Clinical, radiographic and histopathologic findings were then evaluated before and after treatment and yielded the following results. 1. No significant difference was present in body weight between the control group and the treated groups. 2. A statistically significant decrease in the edema of the paw was seen in the rats in Group A that was treated with pulsed ultrasound by 26~29 days after the treatment started (p<.05). 3. According to radiological examination, Group A showed the lowest score in arthritis scale which means it showed a tendency to suppress arthritic inflammation of the left and right hind paws. However, no statistically significant difference was present in the score between the control group, Group A and Group B. 4. According to histopathologic findings, the degree of infiltration by inflammatory cells and hypertrophy of the synovium were less in Group A compared with the control group and Group B. The results of the study show that rats that were treated with the pulsed ultrasound effectively suppressed adjuvant arthritis. However, more effort is needed to objectively prove the effectiveness of ultrasound by developing more sensitive testing methods that could quantitatively evaluate the treatment effects of acute rheumatoid arthritis and by trying out different ultrasound treatment methods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.86-86
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• 1995

The analysis of membrane receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters has progressed considerably by pharmacological and biochemical means and more recently by the use of specific anti-receptor antibodies. A 14-mer peptide (from Phe102 to Leu115 of ${\beta}$2-adrenergic receptor) was synthesized and this peptide was coupled to carrier protein Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin(KLH) by glutaraldehyde method. A 0.5mg of KLH-coupled peptide was emulsified with equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant and injected via popliteal lymph node to each of the three Newzealnd White rabbits. Booster injections were repeated at 4 weeks interval for three times with incomplete Freund's adjuvants. One week after the final injection, serum was prepared from ear artery. Nonspecific immunoglobulins were removed by passing the serum through KLH-Sepharose 6B affinity matrix and further by incubation with bovine lung aceton powder. The titer of the antibody for synthetic peptide which was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was about l/l,000. The antibody produced in this study revealed 67kDa protein band in the western blot of partially purified guinea pig lung ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor preparation. The antibody inhibited ${\beta}$-adrenergic antaginist [3H] Dihydroalprenolol binding to soluble ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor by 25% while control sera did not show any inhibitory effects, The result of this study suggests that the peptide sequence selected in this study may play some important roles in adrenergic receptor-ligand interaction.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.870-875
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• 2011

Arthritis of the knee is the most common type of joint inflammatory disorder and it is associated with pain and inflammation of the joint capsule. The aim of present study was to investigate the endogenous effect of low intensity laser acupuncture on collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal group, arthritis group, low laser group with 10 rats in each group. Arthritis in rats was induced by subcutaneous injection of type II collagen combined with complete Freund's adjuvant. Here we investigated the effects of low intensity laser therapy in experimentally induced rat knee arthritis. To evaluate preventive and therapeutic effects of low intensity laser acupuncture on collagen-induced arthritis rats. In collagen induced arthritic rats, there was significant increase in rat paw volume and decrease in body weight increment, whereas low intensity laser therapy groups, showed significant reduction in paw volume and normal gain in body weight. The altered biochemical parameters(blood urea, serum creatinine, total proteins and acute phase proteins) in the arthritic rats were significantly brought back to near normal by the low intensity laser therapy. Therefore, low intensity laser acupuncture may be a useful treatment in the prevention and treatment of collagen-induced arthritis.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 1998

Antigenic potential of a recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) produced by Dong-A charm. Co. Ltd. was examined by active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) test in guinea pigs, mouse-rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction and passive hemagglutination (PHA) test. In ASA test, rhEPO induced the signs of restlessness, rubbing or licking nose, sneezing and coughing in the animals immunized with rhEPO 1000 lU/kg alone or rhEPO 1000 lU/kg incorporated into Freund\\\\`s complete adjuvant. In the mouse-rat PCA test, only one of six sera from the animals immunized with rhEPO 1000 lUng incorporated into Alum showed positive result. In the PHA test, rhEPO revealed negative results in all of the rhEPO-immunized groups. From these results, rhEPO was considered to produce IgE in guinea pigs and mice, but not IgG and/or IsM in mice. The results of this study were similar to those of the other recombinant human erythropoietin and these positive results were thought to be caused due to the fact that rhEPO were heterogeneous proteins to guinea pigs and mice. Considering the fact that rhErO has an identical structure with indigenous human erythropoietin, rhEPO is not thought to cause immunological problems in clinical use.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.48-52
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• 1997

The antigenic potential of CFA-001, cefazolin, a cephalosporin derivative produced by an enzy-matic semisynthesis, was determined in Hartley guinea pigs. A battery of tests employed consisted of active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA), passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), and indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). The results were as follows: 1) In ASA, no signs attributable to anaphylaxis was observed in guinea pigs sensitized with CFA-001, whereas OVA-sensitized animals induced severe anaphylactic symptoms; 2) guinea pigs did not produce antibodies against CFA-001 when sensitized with or without Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) in homologous PCA tests. Meanwhile, antibodies against ovalbumin (OVA) were clearly detected; 3) No CFA-001-specific hemagglutination was observed in the IHA using sera obtained from CFA-001- sensitized guinea pigs. These results suggest that CFA-001 has no antigenicity potential in guinea pigs.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.418-425
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• 2016

We measured anti-nociceptive activity of prim-o-glucosylcimifugin (POG), a molecule from Saposhnikovia divaricate (Turcz) Schischk. Anti-nociceptive or anti-inflammatory effects of POG on a formalin-induced tonic nociceptive response and a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) inoculation-induced rat arthritis pain model were studied. Single subcutaneous injections of POG produced potent anti-nociception in both models that was comparable to indomethacin analgesia. Anti-nociceptive activity of POG was dose-dependent, maximally reducing pain 56.6% with an $ED_{50}$ of 1.6 mg. Rats given POG over time did not develop tolerance. POG also time-dependently reduced serum TNF${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in arthritic rats and both POG and indomethacin reduced spinal prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$). Like indomethacin which inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity, POG dose-dependently decreased spinal COX-2 content in arthritic rats. Additionally, POG, and its metabolite cimifugin, downregulated COX-2 expression in vitro. Thus, POG produced potent anti-nociception by downregulating spinal COX-2 expression.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.18-29
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• 2011

Objectives: To investigate anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of Gyulpidaehwangbakcho-tang (GDBT) extract in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: The mice received $100{\mu}g$ of bovine type II collagen in Freund's complete adjuvant by intradermal injection at the base of the tail on day 0 and a booster injection on day 21. The mice were orally administered with GDBT (200 or 50mg/kg dissolved in distilled water) daily from day 1 to day 21 after arthritis incidence, and monitored for disease incidence and the severity of arthritis up to day 21. In order to evaluate the effect of GDBT on disease progression, we examined pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2 and NOS-II. Results: GDBT produced a significant and dose dependent inhibition of arthritis and inflammation during the entire duration of the study. This action was characterized by the decreased production of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2, and NOS-II in vivo. Conclusion: We believe that the anti-arthritic activity of GDBT is due to its modulatory effect on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine in the synovium. Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of GDBT in the treatment of RA and other inflammatory joint disorders.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.347-352
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• 2002

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-rheumatoidal arthritis effect of the R. verniciflua heartwood extract, its EtOAc fraction, and its primary flavonoids, sulfuretin and fustin. All test samples showed variably significant inhibitory effects on hind paw edema and trypsin inhibitor activity induced by Freund's complete adjuvant reagent (FCA reagent), and on vascular permeability caused by acetic acid. Treatment with 10 mg/kg (i.p.) sulfuretin for seven days inhibited edema formation by 54.2$\pm$3.0%. Test samples, especially sulfuretin, shifted the values of biochemical parameters such as serum-cholesterol, serum-triglyceride and serum-total protein toward the normal and restored the numbers of leucocytes and platelets. These results suggest that the heartwood of R. verniciflua reduces immunological injuries caused by FCA reagent provides evidence that suluretin is an active anti-rheumatoid arthritis agent.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.336-342
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• 2002

MeOH extract of Kochia scoparia was fractionated into $CHCl_3-$, EtOAc- and BuOH extracts and the last fraction were hydrolyzed by 3%-NaOH ($MeOH-H_2O$) to compare the bioactivities on antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. Silica gel column chromatography of BuOH fraction afforded a large amount of $3-Ο-{\beta}-D-xylopyranosyl {\;}(1{\rightarrow}3)-{\beta}-D-glucuronopyranosyl$ oleanolic acid (momordin Ic, 4) and that of acid hydrolysate of BuOH fraction gave $3-Ο-{\beta}-D-glucuronopyranosyl oleanolic$ acid (momordin Ib, 3), its 6'-Ο-methyl ester (2) and oleanolic acid (1). Silica gel column chromatography of alkaline hydrolysate afforded a large amount of 4. MeOH extract and both EtOAc- and BuOH fractions were active in the rheumatoidal rat induced Freund's complete adjuvant reagent (FCA) whereas $CHCl_3$ fraction was inactive. Compound 1 and 4 showed significant activities in the same assay but oleanolic acid 3-Ο-glucuronopyranoside (3) showed no activity. These fashions were also observed in carrageenan-induced edema of the rat and in the antinociceptive activity tests undertaken in hot plate- and writhing methods. These results suggest that momordin Ic and its aglycone, oleanolic acid, could be active principles for rheumatoid arthritis.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 1997

The antigenic potential of M3S tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(M3S TNF), which is a mutated form of TNF(TNF mutein) designed to reduce adverse effects of wild type human TNF, was investigated in the present study. The antigenicity of M3S TNF was examined by conducting active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) test in guinea pigs, heterologous(mouse-rat) passive cutaneous anaphylaxis(PCA) test and passive hemagglutination(PHA) test. The experimental animals were divided into low, medium, high and the highest dose groups and the groups with or without immunoadjuvant, sensitized according to the appropriate schedule and challenged. In ASA test, when challenged with 120 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /animal, moderate to severe positive anaphylactic responses were observed in groups sensitized with 12 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /animal, 120 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /animal and 120 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /animal+Freund's complete adjuvant. In PCA test, positive responses were observed in the group sensitized with the highest dose emulsified with an alum(12 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /animal+alum). In PHA test, positive responses were observed in the group sensitized with 3 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /animal emulsified with an alum. All the other groups in each experiment showed negative responses. Based on these results, M3S TNF is considered to have some antigenic potential.