• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.79-84
• /
• 2016

Apium graveolens Linn. (Apiaceae) is an indigenous plant of the North and South Americas, Southern Europe, and Asia and has been widely used as a food or a traditional medicine for treatment of inflammation and arthritis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of a methanolic extract of A. graveolens (AGE) against liver oxidative stress in an adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model. The AGE (250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg) was given orally for 24 consecutive days after induction by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant. Liver and spleen weights were recorded. The superoxide anion level, total peroxide (TP), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant status, and oxidative stress index (OSI) were also measured. AGE treatment significantly decreased the levels of the superoxide anion, TP, and OSI whereas the GPx and SOD activities significantly increased in the liver of the arthritic rats. These results indicated that AGE showed an ameliorative effect against liver oxidative stress in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats by reducing the generation of liver free radicals and increasing the liver antioxidant enzyme activity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.77-87
• /
• 2000

Objectives : To investigate effects of Achyranthis Radix aqua-acupuncture on adjuvant arthritis in rats. Methods : After eliciting arthritis in Sprague dawley(SD) rats by injection of Freund's complete adjuvant for 2 weeks, normal saline was injected for the Exp. I group and Achyranthis Radix aqua-acupuncture was injected for the Exp. II group during 30days. The selected point was Dokbi (ST35) in both groups. Then the edema rate, the number of WBC, the quantity of total protein, albumin and globuline in the blood serum, and histological test of the muscular tissue were measured in the arthritis stricken areas. Results : I) The volume of the paws were checked. The volume of the paws was $0.84{\pm}0.l4mm$ in the Exp. I group and $0.47{\pm}0.14mm$ in the Exp. IIgroup. The swelling of the paws was restricted significantly in the Exp. II group(P<0.05). 2) The number of WBC was $10.34{\pm}0.14(l03/ml)$ in the normal group and $37.47{\pm}5.46(103/ml)$ in the Exp. I group. It was $21.24{\pm}2.58(103/ml)$ in the Exp. II group. This fact showed that treatment with Achyranthis Radix aqua-acupuncture adminstered to the Exp. II group was more effective than the Exp. I group in the treatment of arthritis(P<0.05). 3) The content of the total protein in the blood serum was $6.14{\pm}43g/dl$ in the normal group, $7.95{\pm}0.94g/dl$ in the Exp. I group, and $6.41{\pm}0.68g/dl$ in the Exp. II group. There was no significance in total protein between the Exp. II group and the Exp. I group from the statistical analysis. 4) The content of albumin in the blood serum was $2.94{\pm}0.l3g/dl$ in the normal group, $2.01{\pm}0.48g/dl$ in the Exp. I group and $3.15{\pm}0.27g/dl$ in the Exp. II group, which revealed a significant increase in the serum albumin from the statistical analysis of the Exp. II group compared with the Exp. I group. 5) The content of the globulin in the blood serum was $3.19{\pm}$0.48g/dl in the normal group, $4.70{\pm}1.26g/dl$ in the Exp. I group and $3.26{\pm}0.57g/dl$ in the Exp. II group. There was no significance in the serum globulin between the Exp. II group and Exp. I group from the statistical analysis. 6) In histological findings, because of severe inflammatory reaction, remarkably irregular tissue and large amount of inflammatory cells were found in the Exp. I group. But the Exp. II group showed a small amount of inflammatory cells, the refrained inflammatory state and even recovering state. Conclusions : These results show that Achyranthis Radix aqua-acupuncture reduces the inflammatory reaction and muscular tissue necrosis in SD rat's paws induced by Freund's complete adjuvant.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 1992

A formalized bacterin(FKC) of Edwardsiella tarda, conjugated with/without Freund's complete adjuvant(FCA), Freund's incomplete adjuvant(FIA) and potassium aluminium sulfate(PAS), was administered by intraperitoneal injection to tilapia respectively. The tilapia were reared under indoor recirculating filter system. There were agglutinin titer increment in the tilapia which were administered not only FKC bacterin but also adjuvanted vaccines. But the producing time of the highest level of antibody in the immunized tilapia was different among vaccine preparation, i. e. FKC+FCA group and PAS+FKC group are between the 2nd and the 4th week, and FKC alone group is the 2nd week. In the challenge experiment with $2.5{\times}10^7\;CFU/ml$ or $2.5{\times}10^8\;CFU/ml$ of E. tarda T1123 to the tilapia immunized with vaccines, RPS above sixty was recorded both challenge dose in the tilapia which were 3 weeks after immunization with FKC+FCA, PAS+FKC and FKC alone, and the former dose 8 weeks after immunization with FCA+FKC and PAS+FKC. There were some resistance enhancement against E. tarda in the tilapia which were injected with adjuvant alone than that of control. As the results, the FCA or PAS adjuvanted vaccine is effective to sustain the defensible period against edwardsiellosis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.881-886
• /
• 2011

AMPA receptor (AMPAR)s are heterotetrameric structures made up from 4 units (GluR1-4) and are thought to underlie perception of persistent inflammatory pain. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-evoked inflammation induces synaptic GluR2 internalization, which is initiated by GluR2 phosphorylation, in dorsal horn neurons during the maintenance of CFA-induced hypersensitivity. The present study investigated whether electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation has any effect on GluR2 trafficking by using immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. We examined that CFA-induced dorsal horn GluR2 internalization was attenuated by EA treatment. EA treatment could also decrease the level of pGluR2 regardless of whether CFA injection was administrated or not. In addition, previous studies suggest that microglial cells are increased without morphological change in CFA injected animal. In our study, increases in microglial cells in CFA group were observed, whereas EA with or without CFA-injected group showed similar aspects with normal group. In conclusion, our results indicate that EA might blunt CFA-evoked inflammation by coordinating mechanisms at the upstream step of neuron activation and GluR2 phosphorylation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.453-462
• /
• 2020

Chronic joint pain due to loss of cartilage function, degradation of subchondral bone, and related conditions are common plights of an arthritis patient. Antioxidant compounds could solve the problems in arthritic condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of D-carvone against complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats. D-carvone was orally administered for 25 days at the doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg against CFA-induced arthritic rats. Changes in body weight, paw swelling, organ index, hematological parameters, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, and histopathology were recorded. Oral treatment of D-carvone significantly improved the body weight, reduced the paw swelling, edema formation, and organ index in arthritic rats. The levels of white blood cells were reduced, red blood cells and hemoglobin levels were improved in D-carvone treated arthritic rats. Lipid peroxidation levels were lowered whereas enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were significantly elevated by D-carvone administration against arthritic rats. D-carvone significantly modulated inflammatory cytokine levels and improved the ankle joint pathology against CFA-induced arthritic inflammation. In conclusion, D-carvone proved significant anti-arthritic activity against CFA-induced arthritis in rats.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.28 no.9
• /
• pp.1076-1080
• /
• 2018

Carrageenan (CGN) has been used as a safe food additive for several decades. CGN has also been widely used to induce inflammation in various animal models. Likewise, degraded CGN (dCGN), which is produced by subjecting CGN to acid hydrolysis, also induces inflammation and does so more effectively than CGN. One of the most important characteristics of an immunological adjuvant is its ability to activate innate immunity. The immune-adjuvant effects of CGN and dCGN have not yet been studied in detail. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunological adjuvant activities of both CGN and dCGN, which was done by comparing the levels of an ovalbumin (OVA)-specific antibody after treatment with OVA in the absence or presence of CGN or dCGN in plasma from immunized mice. CGN and dCGN showed similar levels of adjuvant activity, as evidenced by increased antibody titer. Specifically, both CGN and dCGN significantly increased the levels of OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies in the plasma as compared with OVA alone (the control). However, compared to the positive control (Freund's adjuvant), both CGN and dCGN caused greater increases in IgG1 than in IgG2a. These results suggest that CGN and dCGN have similar adjuvant activities and produce more IgG1 antibodies than IgG2a.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.155-162
• /
• 1999

This study was performed to assess that clinco-therapeutic effect of natural Italian honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom in adjuvant-induced arthritic rat. Ninety Sprague- Dawley rats of male were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Adjuvant arthritis was produced by a single subcutaneous injection of 1 mg Mycobacterium butyricum suspended in 0.1 ml paraffin oil into the right hindpaw. Righting reflex was uniformly lost and considered to be the point of arthritis development on day 14 after CFA injection. Experimental groups were divided into three groups. When arthritis was developed in the rat hind-paw, tested groups were administrated with prednisolone (10 mg/kg, p.o) and honeybee venom (one bee, s.c) at an interval of two days. Control group was subcutaneously injected with 0.1 ml of physiological saline solution in the rat at an interval of two days. Clinical findings, hematological values and histopathological findings were observed during or after the drugs administration. In tested groups, the development of inflammatory edema and polyarthritis on day 14 after treatment was suppressed. No significant differences of hindpaw edema volume and lameness score between prednisolone and honeybee venom groups were observed during or after therapeutic drugs treatment. WBC counts of prednisolone and honeybee venom treatment groups as compared with the control group were getting remarkably decreased during or after the therapeutic drugs administration(p＜0.01). Erosions of articular cartilage and inflammatory cell infiltrations during or after the therapeutic drugs treatment was effectively suppressed in natural honey venom.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.153-168
• /
• 2000

To investigate effects of Paeonia Radix Rubra aqua-acupuncture on Adjuvant Athritis in rats, the edema rate, the number of WBC, the quantity of total protein, albumin and globuline in the blood serum were measured and histological test of the muscular tissue were done in the arthritis part. 1. After arthritis of Sprague dawley(SD) rats was induced by injecting Freund's complete adjuvant for 2 weeks, normal saline was injected for the Control group and Paeonia Radix Rubra acua-acupuncture was injected for the Exp. group during 30 days. Selected point was $D{\acute{u}}bf(ST_{35})$ in both groups. And then the inframmator volume of plantar were checked. The volume of the plantar was $0.84{\pm}0.14mm$ in Control group and $0.57{\pm}0.09mm$ in Exp. group, the swelling of plantar was restricted significanily in Exp, group(P<0.05). 2. The number of WBC was $10.34{\pm}0.14(10^3/ml)$ in normal group and $37.47{\pm}5.46(10^3/ml)$ in Control group. It was $25.21{\pm}3.45(10^3/ml)$ in Exp. group. This fact showed that Exp group. with Paeonia Radix Rubra acua-acupuncture was more effective than Control group in the treatment of arthritis(P<0.05). 3. The content of total protein in the blood serum were $6.14{\pm}0.43g/d{\ell}$ in normal group, $7.95{\pm}0.94g/d{\ell}$ in Control group, and $6.82{\pm}1.23g/d{\ell}$ in Exp. group. There was no significance in total protein between Exp. group and Control group from the statistical analysis. 4. The contents of albumin in the blood serum were $2.94{\pm}0.13g/d{\ell}$ in normal group, $2.01{\pm}0.48g/d{\ell}$ in Control group and $2.75{\pm}0.14g/d{\ell}$ in Exp, group. This fact showed that Exp. group had significant increase in the serum albumin from the statistical analysis, in comparison with Control group(P<0.05). 5. The contents of globulin in the blood serum were $3.19{\pm}0.48g/d{\ell}$ in normal group, $4.70{\pm}1.26g/d{\ell}$ in Control group and $3.58{\pm}0.73g/d{\ell}$ in Exp. group. There was no significance in the serum globulin between Exp. group and Control group from the statistical analysis. 6. In histological examinadon, because inflammatory reaction was active, remarkably irregular tissue and large amount of inflammatory cells were found in Control. group. But Exp. group showed that tissues were in some degree recovered, the number of inflamed cells was decreased and inflammation was restrained. From these results, it is shown Paeonia Radix Rubra aqua-acupuncture restrained inflammatory reaction and muscular tissue necrosis in SD rat's plantar was restrained by Freund's complete adjuvant.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.27-36
• /
• 2001

Objectives : In order to study the effects of Harpagophyti Radix Aqua -acupuncture in rats with arthritis induced by Freund's complete adjuvant, performed several experimental items : that is edema rate, number of WBC, hemazocrit, platelet, total protein and albumin. Methods : In this study rats were divided into five groups : Normal group (non treated group), Control group (non-injected group in rats with arthritis induced by FCA), ST group (0.2cc normal Saline-injected group at right Chok-Samni(Zusanli,$ST_{36}$) once in every two days during the two weeks in rats with arthritis induced by FCA), HRS group (0.2cc Harpagophyti Radix-subcutaneous injected group once in every two days during the two weeks in rats with arthritis induced by FCA), HRST group (0.2cc Harpagophyti Radix-injected group at Chok-Samni($ST_{36}$) once in every two days during the two weeks in rats with arthritis induced by FCA). Results : 1. In the right plantar edema, HRS group showed a decrease with statistical significance on the 2 weeks and HRST group showed a decrease with statistical significance on the 1 weeks as compared with control group. 2. In the WBC, HRST group showed a meaningful decrease with statistical significance and also HRS group showed a decrease with statistical significanae as compared with control group. 3. In the platelet, HRST group showed a decrease with statistical significance as compared with control group. 4. In the hematocrit, HRS group showed a increase with statistical significance as compared with control group. 5. In the serum total protein and albumin, HRS group showed a increase with statistical significance as compared with control group. Conclusions : According to the above result, it is concluded that Harpagophyti Radix Aqua-acupuncture showed the therapeutic effect of antiinflammation in adjuvant arthritis and it is suggested that further studies and researchs for clinical use be needed.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.299-304
• /
• 2000

In the present paper, the immunostimulatory effects of the extracellular products (ECP) from Mycobacterium spp. and various adjuvants on the non-specific immune responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis nilotica, were examined. Nile tilapia were immunized by injecting ECP of Mycobacterium spp. (strain TB40, TB267 or the type strain Mycobacterium marinum) into their swim bladders. A variety of adjuvants like as Freund s complete adjuvant (FCA), Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) and Titremax were similarly injected into additional groups of tilapia. The number of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-positive cells observed in the swim bladder of the immunized fish was signigicantly increased by the fourth day post-immunization. By day 8, the numbers of NBT-positive cells were fewer in fish immunized with ECP from mycobacteria strains TB40 or TB267 than those immunized with ECP from M. marinum or fish injected with FCA or FIA. The level of Iysozyme activity detected in the serum of fish 40 alter immunization with ECP from various Mycobacterium spp. was also significantly higher than that found in the serum of the control fish. Head kidney macrophages showed enhanced reduction of NBT when cultured in vitro with 1 $\mu$ g/ml of ECP. Concentrations greater than this (10 or 100 $\mu$g/ml) were found to suppress the reduction of NBT by the macrophages. ECP from Mycobacterium spp. and the various adjuvants used in the study all appear to be good activators of the non-specific immune responses of Nile tilapia.