• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.39-66
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• 2018

This paper analyzes the structures and issues of 2018 Korean local elections based on the author's observations on the electoral processes. Even if this paper does not follow a traditional statistical method, it provides the interpretative meanings of 2018 local elections by utilizing an expert's observations of campaign processes. This result of 2018 election can be summarized into two analytical frames. In terms of electoral competition structure, three key factors, such as presidential approval rating, party competition structure, ideological spectrum, tend to affect the winning of governing party. In the light of election issue, the inter-Korean summit, the Washington-Pyeongyang summit, Incheon deprecating remark were positive to the vote gains of governing party, but the negative campaign, the drucking scandal and the swing voters were found not to be significant. The local election in Korea tends to show dual meanings, a proxy war of national-level politics and a composition process of local government. This paper found that the 2018 election has dual meanings at the same time, in a sense that it is the punishment of the ex-governing party's wrongdoing and the power change of local government.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.129-153
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• 2017

Fair Competition policy in aviation field has been discussed since open skies policy began in 1970s. This issue has been also the main topic in the ICAO's Worldwide Air Transport Conference, the Air Transport Symposium, etc. ICAO defines competition as the existent or potential rivalry between two or more operators, carriers or groups, striving for advantages in the same market based on different prices, qualities and services. In a broader sense, the definition includes more various meanings; reasonable, fair, effective, and unrestricted competitions. Nowadays, competition laws and regulations to air transportation have been applied more frequently and the issues varies from antitrust immunity, mergers and alliances, abuse of dominant positions, capacity dumping and predatory pricing, sales and marketing, to airport charges and fees, state aid and loan guarantees. Now, the competition among the airlines or nations in aviation industry is changing to cooperation level. A lot of airlines try to survive by various cooperation methods. Therefore the policy of Korean aviation industry should be developed, taking so-called "the viewpoint of national aviation industry ecosystem" into consideration and Korean government should prepare a policy of fair competition to cope with it. First, in the process of open skies policy with neighboring countries such as China, Japan and the Middle East, it is necessary to apply the fair competition act and prepare laws and regulations to implement it. Second, the standards of effective ownership and control of air transportation business should be reviewed. Third, in preparation for aviation agreements and liberalization, the Korean aviation industry needs to study and review competition and cooperation issues through the analysis of strict aviation market structure for airlines and airport operations. Fourth, it is necessary to create a fair air transportation environment for the development of air transportation and competitiveness through preemptive policies such as the approval of mergers, acquisitions, JV and the ripple effects analysis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.449-454
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• 2011

The infection of pandemic influenza viruses such as swine flu (H1N1) and avian flu viruses to the host cells is related to the following two factors: First, the surface protein such as HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase) of the influenza virus. Second, the specific structure of the oligosaccharide [sialic acid(${\alpha}2$-6) galactose(${\beta}1$-4)glucose or sialic acid(${\alpha}2$-3)galactose(${\beta}1$-4)glucose] on the host cell. After recognizing the specific structure of the oligosaccharide on the surface of host cells by the surface protein of the influenza virus, the influenza virus can secrete sialidase and cleave the sialic acid attached on the final position of the specific structure of the oligosaccharide on the surface of host cells. Tamiflu (oseltamivir), known as a remedy of swine flu, has a saccharide analog structure, especially the sialic acid analog. Tamiflu can inhibit the invasion of influenza viruses (swine flu and avian flu viruses) into the host cells by competition with sialic acid on the terminal position of the specific oligosaccharide on the surface of the host cell. Because of the emergence of Tamiflu resistance, the development of new potent anti-influenza inhibitors is needed. The inhibitors with positive-charge groups have potential as antiviral therapeutics, and the strain specificity must also be resolved.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.308-318
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• 2015

In order to improve the competitiveness of Korean large purse seine fishery, the purpose of this study is to find out the problems and present the improvement of the production structure of Korean large purse seine fishery by comparing to the production structure of Norwegian purse seine fishery. Norwegian purse seine fishery has been operating labor and energy-saving systems through a single wire operation and avoiding fishing competition through the introduction of IVQ system with different types of fishing vessel and obtaining benefits from Leading fishery management integrated with fish pumps and cooling water systems. In contrast, our country has a large purse seine fishery issues such as high cost and low efficiency of production structures, the volatility of mackerel resources, the lack of leading fishery management after catching fishes, the reduction of fishing ground in accordance with the North East Asia EEZ system. To solve these problems, initiatives to improve the structure of our large purse seine fishery are as follows: First, Implementing the promotion of the effective immature fishes management and establishing Korea-China-Japan resource management system. Second, the promotion of reduction of fleet size, the review of possible single fishing operation, leading out to strengthen its competitiveness by switching to energy-efficient production systems through enhanced efforts at fisheries catches steps. Third, it is necessary to realize corporate through the diversification of business areas and the large-scale commercialization of production structure.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.101-127
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• 2014

This study aims to understand how and why each stage of capitalism grows and changes into the new direction in the moment of crisis, based on the systems thinking approach through the causal loop feedback structure. To achieve the research purpose, it classifies the evolution process of the capitalistic economic system into 4 types: Capitalism 1.0(Classical Laissez-Faire Capitalism), 2.0(Revised Capitalism), 3.0(Neo-liberalism), and 4.0(New Capitalism for the Future). This study focuses particularly on by which feedback structure the growth, crisis, and new transition of capitalism could be explained. The main research results are as follows. The intended positive feedback structure caused the growth at each early stage of capitalism. After that time, as a result of the uncontrolled growth, the negative feedback structure controlling its growth operated on the one hand, while the positive feedback structure amplifying the crisis did on the other hand. The study suggests the Resilient Capitalism as the new evolutional direction of Capitalism 4.0. It can contribute to strengthening its resilience by which all the economic players can recover promptly and flexibly from the crises such as the failure of competition and unemployment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.182-182
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• 2011

We investigated the adsorption structures of serine on a Ge(100) surface by core-level photoemission spectroscopy (CLPES) in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The adsorption energies calculated using DFT methods suggested that four of six adsorption structures were plausible. These structures were the "O-H dissociated-N dative bonded structure", the "O-H dissociation bonded structure", the "Om-H dissociated-N dative bonded structure", and the "Om-H dissociation bonded structure" (where Om indicates the hydroxymethyl oxygen). These structures are equally likely, according to the adsorption energies alone. The core-level C 1s, N 1s, and O 1s CLPES spectra confirmed that the carboxyl oxygen competed more strongly with the hydroxymethyl oxygen during the adsorption reaction, thereby favoring formation of the "O-H dissociated-N dative bonded" and "O-H dissociation bonded" structures at 0.30 ML and 0.60 ML, respectively. The experimental results were corroborated theoretically by calculating the reaction pathways leading to the two adsorption geometries. The reaction pathways indicated that the "O-H dissociated-N dative bonded structure" is the major product of serine adsorption on Ge(100) due to comparably stable adsorption energy.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.263-278
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• 2011

As the competition among hospitals become intensified, hospital management is required to carry out more effective marketing and positioning of the hospital. Successful positioning of a hospital requires the knowledge about how the concrete attributes inherent in the medical service associated with the customer values that customers seek eventually in the medical service. Thus, it is required for hospital management to understand which hospital attributes should be emphasized in order to improve the customer values. The hierarchical structure of service attributes can provide valuable information about effective positioning and advertising. To obtain such knowledge, we employed the order analysis technique as an objective means-end chain method. Order analysis is useful for identifying the causal structure among attributes. Thus, we can examine the underlying causal relationship and eventually the vertical structure of hospital selection attributes. For this study, we conducted a survey to obtain 370 responses for the analysis. The result suggests that hospital management had better increase the scale of hospital, improve the services of health care providers, and modernize the hospital facilities and equipments so as to enhance customer values and eventually to lead them to recommend the hospital to others. Our findings would provide the valuable information for hospital management to develop the more effective hospital positioning and marketing strategies.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 2011

The purpose of this article is to suggest what is the desirable direction of economic relationship between Korea and China. The economic relationship between countries is based on how the present network is. As the economic relationship between countries grows, the network between countries will expand. In the past, the economic relationship between Korea and China is cooperative one from the viewpoint of international division of labor. Korean industries was focused on the value-added and mid-advanced technology products, while Chinese was focused on the labor-intensive products. As the China's economy grows for more than thirty years, there is a great change in China's economic policies and environment. China's industry structure is moving from the labor-intensive industry to technology-oriented industry. China's exports to the global market is increasing very fast, and China's domestic market is also growing. The change in Chinese industries' structure bring about severe competition in the global market. The expanding China's domestic market is also good opportunity as the new market in the world. The change in China's industrial structure needs for Korea to establish the 'New Network" between two countries. Korea has to grab the new opportunities in the China's domestic market and find new cooperative network with the products and industries.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.239-257
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• 1998

Facing the globalization of world economy, intense market competition, radical change of information technology, firms are obliged to create a new type of organizations characterized by flexibility and adaptability to new and dynamic environments. This paper reviews the theories of complexity in physics briefly and discusses the implications of them on the management of business organizations. It analogizes the core concepts from complexity theories such as cooperative phenomena, self-organization, adaptation, positive feedback, and butterfly effect, and attempts to identify their implications on business management. Particularly, it suggests principles of 'Fractal' management which apply the fractal structure to the business organization.

• BMB Reports
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 1997

The present study was performed to analyze the molecular mechanism which dictates the transcription regulation of the $O^6$-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previously we identified one possible upstream repressing sequence (URS) in MGMT promoter by promoter deletion and competition analysis. In this paper we report another regulatory element (UAS: upstream activating sequence. -213 to -136) which affects the transcription activity of MGMT promoter. Gel mobility shift assay and Southwestern blot analysis using UAS probe showed several specific proteins which were able to bind to this sequence.