• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 2004

This simulation study investigated the characteristics of normal gait, $30^{\circ}$ crouch gait, $30^{\circ}$ crouch/equinus gait, $45^{\circ}$ crouch gait, $45^{\circ}$ crouch/equinus gait. The knee flexion angles were restricted using a specially designed orthosis. This study was carried out in a motion analysis laboratory of the National Rehabilitation Center. Fifteen healthy male subjects were recruited for the study. The purposes of this study were (1) to compare spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, and kinetic variables in the sagittal plane among the different gait, (2) to investigate the secondary compensatory strategy, and (3) to suggest biomechanical physical therapy treatment methods. The pattern and magnitude observed in each condition were similar to those of normal gait, except the peak knee extension moment of the unrestricted ankle motion-crouch gait. However, the speed of the $45^{\circ}$ crouch gait was half that of a normal gait. The ankle joint moment in the crouch/equinus gait showed the double-bump pattern commonly observed in children with spastic cerebral palsy, and there was no significant difference in gait speed as compared with normal gait. The peak ankle plantar-flexor moment and ankle power generated during the terminal stance in the crouch/equinus conditions were reduced as compared with normal and $45^{\circ}$ crouch gaits (p<.05). The crouch/equinus gait at the ankle joint was an effective compensatory mechanism. Since ankle plantarflexion contracture can be exacerbated secondary to the ankle compensatory strategy in the crouch/equinus gait, it is necessary to increase the range of ankle dorsiflexion and the strength of plantarflexion simultaneously to decrease the abnormal biomechanical advantages of the ankle joint.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.117-128
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• 2023

For Korea which has long been highly dependent on international trade for economic growth, the importance of the Brazilian market is likely to increase in the future considering its huge size of 216 million people. Therefore, it would be imperative to analyze and understand Brazilian consumer behavior correctly. This study examines differences in consumer behavior between Brazil and Korea in purchasing luxury goods. According to previous cultural studies, Brazilian consumers are expected to focus on the intrinsic value of products and show a strong compensatory consumption tendency, while Korean consumers focus on symbolic benefits and show a weak compensatory consumption tendency. After conducting and analyzing a survey of young people in their 20s in Korea and in Brazil, all of the hypotheses above were supported. The results suggests that when designing marketing communication strategy in Brazil, it will be more effective when communication is focused on the pleasure of purchasing luxury goods rather than social or symbolic benefits. This study is of greatest significance in that it is one of the few studies comparing the characteristics of Brazilian and Korean consumers.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.1823-1829
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• 2019

Background: Stroke patients have leg muscle weakness and impaired balance resulting in compensatory changes. To restore balance in these patients, functional training using postural strategy is needed. Objective: To examine the effects of ankle and hip strategy training on the center of pressure (COP) movement and limits of stability (LOS) in standing posture in stroke patients. Design: The study was an assessor-blinded and randomized-controlled clinical trial. Methods: Thirty patients were randomly assigned to an ankle strategy training group and a ankle/ hip strategy training group. Patients in the ankle strategy training group underwent ankle strategy exercise for 30 min, and those in the ankle/ hip strategy training group underwent 15 min of ankle strategy exercise and 15 min of hip strategy exercise. Both groups underwent training thrice a week for four weeks. Forward, backward, paretic side, and non-paretic side COP movements and LOS were measured using BioRescue. Results: After the intervention, except for the backward area in the ankle strategy training group, the COP movement area and the LOS were significantly improved in both the groups. In addition, these improvements were significantly higher in ankle/ hip strategy training group than that in the ankle strategy training group. Conclusions: Ankle strategy training in addition to hip strategy training improves COP movement (forward-backward, paretic side area, and non-paretic side area) and LOS in stroke patients.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.176-194
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• 2013

In this research, 'Construction Technology and Environment' units in 12 different technology home economics textbooks for 1st~3rd year middle school students under the 2009 Revised Educational Curriculum and the content system of textbooks were analyzed based on Reigeluth's elaboration theory, and the following conclusions were derived. First, each of the 12 different textbooks presented the elaboration process by procedural method and composed the content system. Second, the 'Construction Technology and Environment' unit presented many 'Thought Opening' as the systematization strategy of advance learning ability, and 'Unit Summary' presented at the end of the unit as the use strategy of the summarizer was presented preponderantly. In addition, 'Learning Objective' that represents the degree of achievement of the students after learning the unit was presented most as the use strategy of the synthesizer although there are differences in terms. In all of the textbooks, 'Figure,' 'Table,' 'Diagram', and 'Explanation of Terms' were used, and particularly, in the vitalizer strategy of the cognitive strategy, overwhelmingly greater number of 'Figure's, compared with all other elements, were presented as the vitalizer strategy of cognitive strategy. Finally, 'Compensatory Learning,' and 'In-depth Study' were presented as the learner control strategy in each of the 4 different textbooks, and there was one textbook that presents the term 'Supplement Reinforcement' in which compensatory learning and in-depth learning were integrated. Third, the metaphor utilization strategy among the 7 teaching strategies of the elaboration theory was hardly used in the composition items in units of textbooks.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2024

Background: This study aims to investigate compensatory strategy in a dog with glenoid dysplasia using kinetic gait analysis before and after reconstruction of medial patellar luxation. Design: Case report Method: On the platform, gait analysis was evaluated for a dog with congenital luxation and bilateral medial patellar luxation (MPL). A dog was evaluated for maximal vertical force (MVF), body load distribution (BLD), and symmetry index (SI), including the left forelimb with congenital luxation before MPL surgery, 15 days of surgery, and 40 days of surgery. Result:: In the comparison between the preoperative and the 15 days of surgery, the MVF of the bilateral forelimbs, especially in the non-affected forelimbs, increased, and the SI also increased. For BLD, the maximum load distribution increased, but the total load distribution decreased. In the comparison of 15 days and 40 days of surgery, MVF and BLD increased, and SI decreased on 40days of surgery. Conclusions: In a dog, the shift in weight load to the non-affected side occurs all the limbs, affecting the peak vertical force, weight load distribution, and symmetry index.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.133-158
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• 2012

In the modern society, a growth in the non-profit sector and a decrease in the government budget on social welfare result in a greater need of individual giving and volunteering. Therefore, in order to manage non-profit organizations effectively, it is necessary to encourage citizen participation in giving and volunteering through identifying various factors affecting giving and volunteering. In order to identify what factors are affecting participation in giving and volunteering and whether the relationship between giving and volunteering is multiplicative or compensatory, this study uses multinomial logistic regression analysis by categorizing four groups based on the participation types of giving and volunteering. The research findings confirmed that common factors such as religion and satisfaction with leisure time were still significant, and specific factors were also found among factors affecting participation in giving and volunteering. Especially, this study identified that factors affecting giving and volunteering differ according to household income, education level, employment status, gender and social relationship satisfaction. The findings confirmed that giving and volunteering are compensatory behaviors. Finally, the implications of this study were discussed. A differential strategy for giving and volunteering is needed to encourage citizen participation in non-profit organizations.

• 한국노년학
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.925-940
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• 2008

As the proportion of old people in contemporary societies steadily increases, the influence on cognitive rehabilitation strategy of the memory deficit associated with normal and pathological aging grows greater as well. This paper reviewed the current memory rehabilitation techniques for older adults. In the first part of this article, human memory systems as a framework for understanding memory aging were considered. In the second part, research findings concerning memory performance in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease were reviewed. Finally, recent evidence for the kinds of memory rehabilitation procedures with proven efficacy were offered. The existent memory rehabilitation technique have focused on prompt of residual explicit memory, use of preserved implicit memory, utilization of memory external memory aids. A suggestion of memory training based on brain plasticity as a novel approach is offered.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.175-179
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• 2023

This study was conducted to find out the compensation strategy through kinetic gait analysis by comparing dog with congenital luxation of the shoulder joint and normal dog. Ground reaction forces were recorded for all limbs while normal poodle dog and poodle dog with shoulder joint luxation was allowed to walk on an instrumented platform. The dogs were evaluated for maximal vertical force (MVF), body load distribution (BLD), and symmetry index (SI). The MVF was increased in the contralateral forelimb of luxated shoulder joint. The SI was also increased in a dog with dislocated shoulder joints in the forelimbs. For BLD, the maximum load distribution increased centrally, but the total load distribution decreased in the ipsilateral forelimb paw. In contrast, total load distribution was increased in the contralateral forelimb paw. During forelimb lameness, changes in weight-bearing load showed compensatory load redistribution. These biomechanical changes may lead to changes in the musculoskeletal system in a dog with luxated shoulder.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.537-548
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• 2009

Consumers' price related response in the clothing purchase decision-making process includes their expectation of price, price perception, attitude toward price and consequent behaviors. The purposes of this research are to systematically organize consumers' price related responses in the clothing purchase decision-making process, and to explain the effect of price on their purchasing. The qualitative research including shopping observation and in-depth interview was conducted. The result identified stages that showed different price related responses in clothing purchase decision-making process, and clarified each stage's characteristics. In the internal search stage, consumers recalled price information from memory and had a specific expectation about the price. This set a direction for the external search. In the external search stage, consumers selected brands or stores by a non-compensatory evaluating with an expectation of the price, and narrowed these down to several determinant alternatives by actively evaluating the products. In case a sufficient amount of price information was not recalled, the consumer established reference price through the external search. Finally, in the purchasing stage, consumers evaluated the determinant alternatives based on their compensatory evaluation. When perception of price was negative, consumers evaluate price combined with the higher criteria of clothing benefits, such as symbolic value and usability. The research is expected to contribute to predicting consumers' responses to price, and to establishing an effective pricing strategy.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 2022

Background: The serratus anterior (SA) muscle prevents scapular winging (SW) by stabilizing the medial border of the scapula during arm movement. The upper trapezius (UT) and lower trapezius (LT) muscles may compensate for the weak SA muscle in individuals with SW during shoulder flexion. However, there is no study to examine whether compensation by UT and LT occurs in individuals with SW. Objects: This study compared the muscle activities of UT, LT, and SA as well as the SA/UT activity ratio between individuals with and without SW during shoulder flexion with load. Methods: This study recruited 27 participants with SW (n = 14) and without SW (n = 13). Electromyography data of the SA, UT, and LT muscles and SA/UT activity ratio were recorded and analyzed during shoulder flexion with 25% load of the maximal shoulder flexion force. Independent t-test was used to compare the UT, LT, and SA muscle activities and SA/UT ratio between the groups with and without SW; statistical significance was set at α of 0.05. Results: SA activity was significantly lesser in the group with SW than in the group without SW. However, there were no significant differences in the UT and LT activities and SA/UT activity ratio between the two groups. Conclusion: The SA activity was lesser in the group with SW than in the group without SW with 25% load of the maximal shoulder flexion force, but there was no compensatory muscle activity of the UT and LT observed. Therefore, further studies are warranted to clarify the compensatory strategy of scapular stabilization in individuals with SW during shoulder flexion under other heavy load conditions.