• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2024

Background: This study aims to investigate compensatory strategy in a dog with glenoid dysplasia using kinetic gait analysis before and after reconstruction of medial patellar luxation. Design: Case report Method: On the platform, gait analysis was evaluated for a dog with congenital luxation and bilateral medial patellar luxation (MPL). A dog was evaluated for maximal vertical force (MVF), body load distribution (BLD), and symmetry index (SI), including the left forelimb with congenital luxation before MPL surgery, 15 days of surgery, and 40 days of surgery. Result:: In the comparison between the preoperative and the 15 days of surgery, the MVF of the bilateral forelimbs, especially in the non-affected forelimbs, increased, and the SI also increased. For BLD, the maximum load distribution increased, but the total load distribution decreased. In the comparison of 15 days and 40 days of surgery, MVF and BLD increased, and SI decreased on 40days of surgery. Conclusions: In a dog, the shift in weight load to the non-affected side occurs all the limbs, affecting the peak vertical force, weight load distribution, and symmetry index.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.275-286
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• 2012

Over the last 20 years there have been more than 3000 peer-reviewed papers relating to climate change and biodiversity published, and still the numbers are increasing. However, most studies focused on the impacts of climate change at population or community levels, and the results invariably reveal that there has been, or will be, a negative effect on the structure and pattern of biodiversity. Moreover, the climate change models and statistical analyses used to test the impacts are only newly developed, and the analyses or predictions can often be misled. In this review, I ask why an individual's life history is considered in the study how climate change affects biodiversity, and what ecological factors are impacted by climate change. Using evidence from a range of species, I demonstrate that diverse life history traits, such as early growth rate, migration/foraging behaviour and lifespan, can be shifted by climate change at individual level. Particularly I discuss that the optimal decision under unknown circumstance (climate change) would be the reduction of the ecological fitness at individual level, and hence, a shift in the balance of the ecosystem could be affected without having a critical impact on any one species. To conclude, I summarize the links between climate changes, ecological decision in life history, the revised consequence at individual level, and discuss how the finely-balanced relationship affects biodiversity and population structure.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 2004

Background: Video-assisted sympathicotomy is a safe and effective method for the treatment of essential hyperhidrosis with immediate symptomatic improvement. However, this is offset by the occurrence of a high rate of side-effects, such as embarrassing compensatory hyperhidrosis. Therefore, by comparing and assessing the relationship between temperature change measured by DITI (digital infrared thermographic imaging) and clinical results according to the level and extent of sympathicotomy in essential hyperhidrosis. we tried to obtain a more precisely and objectively, the distribution and degree of compensatory sweating by DITI and also for ascertaining the clinical usefulness. Material and Method: From January 2000 to June 2002, the thoracoscopic sympathicotomy was performed in 28 patients suffering from essential hyperhidrosis in Dept. of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Wonkwang University Hospital. The patients were divided into four groups, Group I: patients having undergone T2 sympathicotomy, Group II: patients having undergone T3 sympathicotomy, Group III: patients having undergone T3,4 sympathicotomy, and Group IV: patients having undergone T2,3,4 sympathicotomy. The parameters were composed of the satisfaction rate of treatment, the degree of compensatory and plantar sweating, and temperature changes of entire body measured by DITI Result: There was no difference in age and follow-up period among the groups. All of the treated patients obtained satisfactory alleviation of essential hyperhidrosis in immediate postoperative period. However, the rate of long-term satisfaction were 85.8%, 85.8%, 42.9%, and 28.6% in group I, II, III, and IV (p<0.05). More than embarrassing compensatory sweating was present in 14.2%, 14.2%, 57.1%, 71.4% in group I, II, III, and IV (p<0.05) In regard to plantar sweating, decrease in sweating was expressed in each of four groups, but was not significant between groups. An apparent increase of temperature measured by DITI indicated sufficient denervation and predicted long-lasting relief of essential hyperhidrosis and also decrease in temperature of trunk and lower extremity by DITI had correlated well with postoperative satisfaction, and also postoperative compensatory sweating. Conclusion: We suggested that the incidence and degree of compensatory sweating was closely related to the site and the extent of thoracic sympathicotomy. Resection of the lower interganglionic neural fiber of the second thoracic sympathetic ganglion on the third rib is the most practical and minimally invasive treatment than other surgical methods. We were also to anticipated the distribution and degree of compensatory sweating by DITI precisely and objectively and for ascertaining the clinical usefulness.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.817-822
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• 2000

Video assisted thoracic sympathectomy or sympathicotomy is a safe and effective therapy for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with immediate symptomatic imporvement. However the degree of satisfaction may diminish with time due to cmpensatory sweating or excessive hand dryness. Therefore by comparing and assessing the degree of symptomatic improvement or compensatory sweating following sympathectomy or sympathicotomy at various levels we aim to determine the optimal level of sympathetic nerve block which will result in minimal side effects and maximal benefit. Material and Method: Among 194 patients having undergone video assisted thoracic sympathectomy or sympathicotomy between January 1996 and June 1999, 137 patients who responded to either telephone interview or questionnaire were included in the current study. The patients were divided into three groups. Group I(n=61) ; patients having undergone T2,3,4 sympathectomy group II(35) ; patients having undergone T2 sympathicotomy and group III(41) ; patients having undergone limited T2 sympathicotomy which consist of block of interganglionic neuronal fiber on the third rib. The parameters studied comprised of pre- and post-operative palmar temperature change treatment satisfaction the degree of compensatory sweating or discomfort from palmar dryness postoperative complication and changes in plantar sweating Result : There was no difference in age and sex among the groups and the mean postoperative elevation in palmar temperature was 21.59$^{\circ}C$ without any differences among the groups. Patients expressing satisfaction were 65.6%, 62.9% and 90.24% in groups I, II and III, respectively(p<0.05) Moderate to severe compensatory sweating was present in 65.6% 51.4%, and 24.39%, in group I, II, and III, respectively(p<0.05) Slight but comfortable amount of palmar humidness was expressed in decreasing order group III(41.6%) group I(24.6%) and group II(5.7%) (p<0.05) Ineffectiveness or recurrence was present in 5patients in group I(8.2%) 1 patient in group II(2.9%) and none in group III. With regards to plantar sweating decrease in sweating was expressed in 43 patients(31.4%) while similar degree of sweating in 61 patients(44.5%) and increase in sweating in another 33 patinets(24.1%) Conclusion : Limited T2 sympathicotomy resection of the lower interganglionic neuronal fiber of the second sympathetic ganglion on the third rib showed immediate effect in palmar hyperhidrosis and caused lesser compensatory sweating and hand dryness.

• Transactions of the KSME C: Technology and Education
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 2013

The established gait analysis studies have regarded leg as one single spring. If we can design a knee-ankle actuating mechanism as a primary actuator for supporting knee extension, it might be possible to revolutionary store or release elastic strain energy, which is consumed during the gait cycle, and as a result leg stiffness is expected to increase. An ankle joint actuating mechanism that stores and releases the energy in ankle joint is expected to support and solve excessive artificial leg stiffness caused by the knee actuator (primary actuator) to a reasonable extent. If unnecessary kinematic energy is released with the artificial speed reduction control designed to prevent increase in gait speed caused by increase in time passed, it naturally brings question to the effectiveness of the actuator. As opposed to the already established studies, the authors are currently developing knee-ankle two actuator system under the concept of increasing lower limb stiffness by controlling the speed of gait in relative angular velocity of the two segments. Therefore, the author is convinced that compensatory mechanism caused by knee actuating must exist only in ankle joint. Ankle joint compensatory mechanism can be solved by reverse-examining the change in metatarso-phalangeal joint (MTPJ) tilt angle (${\theta}_1=0^{\circ}$, ${\theta}_2=17^{\circ}$, ${\theta}_3=30^{\circ}$) and the effect of change in gait speed on knee activity.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.4 s.75
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• pp.457-466
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• 1999

It has been reported that skeletal relapse and dental change after mandibular setback do occur not only after intermaxillary fixation(IMF) removal but also during IMF The side effects of skeletal relapse during IMF have clinical importance because they can cause many Postoperative orthodontic Problems. Generally, the Prevention of solid union between segments, compensatory tooth movement, anterior openbite, etc. have been cited as the side effects of jaw displacement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the skeletal relapse and dental change during IMF. The material consisted of 28 patients who were treated by BSSRO(bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy), wire osteosynthesis, IMF for correction of mandibular prognathism. Through cephalometric analysis, the amount and direction of surgical movement, skeletal relapse and dental change during IMF were measured. The correlation between surgical movement and skeletal relapse, between skeletal relapse and dental changes were evaluated. The following conclusions were obtained; 1. Distal segment was repositioned backward and upward, proximal segment showed clockwise rotation during surgery. 2. During ]m, anterior portion of distal segment was displaced backward and posterior portion was displaced upward. Proximal segment was displaced upward with forward movement of p-Go(gonion of proximal segment). Backward surgical movement of p-GO was significantly correlated with forward displacement of p-Go. 3. Overjet and overbite were not changed during IMF. The compensatory tooth movements during IMF were characterized by retroclination of upper incisors md retroclination, extrusion of lower incisors. These compensatory tooth movements had statistically significant correlation with upward displacement of d-Go (gonion of distal segment).

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.1_2
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• pp.87-94
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate toxicity of insecticide carbofuran and compensatory effects of phenobarbital sodium (PB) in vivo and in vitro. Sprague Dawley male rats were used as experimental animals and divided into carbofuran only administered group and simultaneous application group of carbofuran and PB. At 30 rain and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hrs after each treatment, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. Kidney were immediately removed, immersed in fixatives, and processed with routine method for light microscopic study. Paraffin sections were stained with H-E, PAM and PAS. $5.0\times 10^4$ cell/ml of NIH 3T3 fibroblast in each well of 24 multidish were cultured: After 24 hours, the cells were treated with solution of six groups; control group cultured in media only, carbofuran $MTT_50$ or $NR_50$ group cultured in the media containing carbofuran $MTT_50$ or $NR_50$ and four experimental groups cultured in the media containing carbofuran $NR_50$ plus various concentratins of PB. After the NIH 3T3 fibroblast of all groups were cultured in same condition for 48 hours, Tetrazolium MTT (MTT) and NR (neutral red) assay were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of cell organelles. Under the light microscope, atrophic change of renal corpuscles were frequently observed in 1 and 2 days after carbofuran treatment. The increase of the mesangium was apparent in 1 and 2 days after carbofuran treatment. Necrotic changes of the epithelium and loss of brush border of proximal tubules were most severe at 2 and 3 days after carbofuran treatment, respectively. In contrast, there were no evidences of the toxic effects on renal tissues at 48hrs in carbofuran-PB treated groups. Carbofuran $MTT_50$ and $NR_50$ were 78$\mu M$, 82.5$\mu M$ respectively. MTT and NR quantities were significantly increased in carbofuran-PB 100$\mu M$ treatment group and carbofuran-PB 100$\mu M$ treatment group. On the basis of these results, it is obvious that PB has compensatory effects against carbofuran toxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2001

This study were carried out to investigate cytotoxicity of paraquat and bentazon that is scattering to farm products were essensial for human diet and compensatory effects of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, The 5.0$\times$$10^4$ cell/ml of NIH 3T3 fibroblast in each well of 24 multidish were cultured. After 24 hours, the cells were treated with solution of paraquat and bentazon (1, 25, 50, 100 pM respectively). After the NIH 3T3 fibroblast of all groups were cultured in same condition for 48 hours, Sulfohordamin B Protein (SRB) assay were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of cell organelles. Paraquat and bentazon $SRB_50$ were 1860.73 $\mu\textrm{M}$, 1913.38 $\mu$M respectively. In vivo, Sprague Dawley male rats divided into paraquat and bentazon only administered group and simultaneous application group of paraquat and bentazon and 3-MC. At 30 min. and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hrs. interval after each treatment, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation and kidney were immediately removed, immersed in fixatives, and processed with routine method for light microscopic study. Paraffin sections were stained with H-E, PAM, and PAS. Under the light microscope, atrophic change of renal corpuscles were frequently observed from 3 hrs after paraquat and bentazon treatment. The increase of the mesangium was apparent from 12 hrs later after paraquat and bentazon treatment. Necrotic changes of the epithelium and loss of brush border of proximal tubules were most severe at 48 hrs after paraquat and bentazon treatment, respectively. In contrast there were no evidences of the toxic effects on renal tissues at 48hrs in paraquat and bentazon plus 3-MC treated groups.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.3 s.104
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• pp.229-240
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the compensatory changes of occlusal plane angle in relation to skeletal factors. Lateral cephalograms of 61 adults with normal occlusion and 92 adults with skeletal malocclusions were traced and measured to analyze skeletal factors and occlusal plane angles. In terms of horizontal relationships, the normal occlusion group and malocclusion group were classified Into subgroups of skeletal Classes I, II, and III, while in terms of vertical relationships, each group was also classified into horizontal , average, and vertical subgroups. Some measurements were evaluated statistically by ANOVA and Post Hoc, and the others were reviewed by Paired t-tests. In this study, only the occlusal plane angle to AB plane did not show a significant difference between the normal occlusion group and malocclusion group. After treatment, the occlusal plane angle to the AB plane of the malocclusion group was approximated to that of normal occlusion group. The LOP to AB plane angle of the normal occlusion group was 91.7 in skeletal Class I, 88.8 in skeletal Class II, and 93.5 in skeletal Class III. This study was done to assess the treatment changes of the occlusal plane in the malocclusion group, and to draw a comparison with the normal occlusion group in order to present a reference to establish a new occlusal plane inclination.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.435-446
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• 2000

Statistical process control(SPC) and engineering process control(EPC) are two strategies for quality improvement that have been developed independently. EPC seeks to minimize variability by adjusting compensatory variables in order to make the process level close to the target, while SPC seeks to reduce variability by monitoring and eliminating causes of variation. One purpose of this paper is to propose the IMA(0,1,1) model as the in-control process model. For the out-of-control process model we consider two cases; one is the case with a step shift in the level, and the other is the case with a change in the nonstationarity. Another purpose is to suggest the use of an integrated process control procedure with adjustment and monitoring, which can consider the proposed process model effectively. An integrated control procedure will improve the process control activity significantly for cases of the proposed model, when compared to the procedure of using either EPC or SPC, since EPC will keep the process close to the target and SPC will eliminate special causes.