• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.47-56
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• 2013

Purpose - In the academic literature, the researches on a comparative study on purchase behaviors of the consumers from emerging and mature markets remain limited. Therefore, this empirical study is attempted to examine the effects of country of origin (COO), brand image and corporate image on the purchase behavior of Chinese consumers (as from emerging market) and Korean consumers (as from mature market). Research Design, data, methodology - In total, 615 valid questionnaires were collected from the main cities of China and Korea respectively, and a multiple group analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses with SPSS 16.0 and AMOS18.0. Results - Chinese consumers are not influenced by country-of-origin effect, whereas Korean consumers are sensitive to it. Both Chinese and Korean consumers are sensitive to brand image, whereas corporate image does appear to influence Chinese consumers but not Korean consumers. The effects of country-of-origin are not more influential in less developed market (China) than more developed market (Korea). Conclusions - According to the results of this empirical study, the country-of-origin effect does impact Korean consumers but not Chinese consumers' purchase behavior. Therefore, multinational companies are relatively free to make the decision, if Chinese consumers are the marketing targets, when choosing manufacturing sites.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.557-569
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• 2015

This study aims to illustrate the national images of United Kingdom, France, and Germany based on the descriptions in the Korean middle school Social Studies textbooks in comparative perspective. In order to identify and compare the national images of the three countries, the author uses a framework for analysis consisting cognitive, normative, and relational factors. The main findings are as follows. First, the most frequently shown topics and issues are democratic institutions in the case of United Kingdom, respect for human rights in the case of France, and sustainable environment in the case of Germany. Second, for all the three countries, the most frequent factor among the three is cognitive one, followed by normative and then relational factors. Third, United Kingdom is described as a country of social unrest and conflict as well as a democratic country with long history and tradition. Fourth, France is described as a country of respect/abuse of human rights, potential for high tech industry, and largest agricultural state in Europe. Fifth, Germany is described more as a country of a leading country for global environmental protection than as a country with electronic and information technology.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of paper is to review and look into the process of port development of each country, and compare with their system of port management. Research design, data and methodology - The methods to be taken is to examine a process of port development in terms of historic and regulated point of views, and each country's port is compared with various port models. Results - China has evolved of port governance into 3 stages, which has lead to almost liberalized port management system in process of privatization slogan. Japan has three stages of port development, and key commitments have been done by local government, rather than national one. Korea has also several stages of port reforms, and national government has been deeply involved in port industry, as well as regional government and port authority in certain areas. Conclusions - whatever port management system each countries has taken, it eventually aims to port productivity in country's port. To adopt most proper port management system may be answer for country to cope with environmental changes around port industry.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.49
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• pp.162-189
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• 2002

In general, every welfare state is to be productive. If not, the welfare state itself cannot be sustainable because resource for the development of welfare only comes from a sound level of economic development However, how to mix welfare and production differs from country to country. This article tackles this phenomenon as a starting point. Granted, contemporary studies of comparative welfare state often starts from the theory of welfare regime which has been suggested by Esping-Andersen. This article also regards the framework as an analytic tool to elaborate upon the concept of productive welfare and to categorize different types of conception of productive welfare. In liberal regime, the concept is so narrowly interpreted that they emphasize micro-efficiency of specific welfare programs. On the contrary, the other two regime types recognize the concept of productive welfare as relatively wide. Therefore, conservative and social democratic regimes underscore macro-efficiency of the welfare state as a whole. Empirical analyses of this article explores each regime's success and failure in terms of achieving fundamental goals of the welfare state, i.e. economic development and enhancement of equality. A series of evidence show that liberal regime fails in achieving both goals, while the other two regimes seem to be relatively successful. In conclusion, it may be pointed out that current tendency of neo-liberalism and anti-welfarism in Korea should be overcome, which must be the prime task of social welfare academia of this country.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.5-14
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• 2019

Purpose - This study aims to proposes a conceptual framework to segment multi-national products based on a Chinese consumer's perception of multi-national products, to find the role of consumer ethnocentrism (CET) in country of origin (COO) effects for Chinese, and to figure out how different dimension of CET Effects on purchase intention developed market and home country. Research design, data and methodology - This study selected a 2×2×2 factorial design for the hypothesis test based on the product category × combination of manufactured type × Ethnocentrism level. This study distinguishes products between luxury (Burberry) and non-luxury (Nike) products and choose combination of manufactured type (Spain vs India/ Spain vs China) in order to perform comparative studies. A total of 223 Chinese participated in the experiment. After being exposed to each scenario, participants were asked to respond to questions about brand preference and purchase intention Results - Regarding to luxury made in developed country, it is worth that exposing COO information to low level of ethnocentrism consumers. Regarding to non-luxury product made in emerging country, it makes it worse when COO information to high level of ethnocentrism consumers. Lastly, regarding to non-luxury product, patriotic consumers prefer to purchase product made in home country.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.149-171
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• 2017

This article examines the image of the nation of the Union of Myanmar (Burma) by comparing the history textbook and the civic textbook prescribed in state schools during the period of independence from 1948 to 1958. After the Second World War, the political conditions gave the way for the formation of the Union of Myanmar composed of ethnic nationals in Myanmar. To shape the national identity, the newly-founded independent nation in 1948, introduced textbooks in history and civics for the purpose of nation building. The paper concludes that the history textbook illustrated the golden ages of the Myanmar kingdom by way of national consolidation and portrayed ethnic nationals as homogenous; on the other hand, the civic textbook defined a citizen as one who is born and raised in Myanmar; it also included migrant Asians such as Chinese and South Asians in the fold. The history textbook aspired for the national consolidation of ethnic nationals for the strength and prosperity of the country while the civic textbook required cooperation from both ethnic nationals and migrant Asians for peace and development of the country and the world.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2004

The competitiveness of a country or a city plays an important role as a determining factor in this age of globalization In view of tourism studies, the potential for a region to develop depends primarily on its ability to use and maintain economic advantages in its provision of tourist products and services. In spite of the importance of competitiveness in tourism studies, few researches have been done on competitiveness in Korea The purpose of this study is, therefore, to conduct a comparative analysis of competitiveness between coastal metropolitan cities in Korea-Busan, Ulsan and Incheon- developing tourism index and finding out urban competitiveness. The findings of this study will contribute to enhancing tourism promotion and mutual network with other cities and attracting domestic and international tourists.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1-28
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• 2009

Banking industries have continuously innovated through technology-enhanced products and services. Many studies have recognized the importance of the Internet in banking industries, arguing that it has been widely adopted. Many studies published on the Internet banking in specific countries are mostly related with such issues as internet banking adoption and acceptance, security and risks of online banking system, and interface design. Several studies have been done to examine the differences and similarities between other banking channels and the Internet banking. However, to the best of our knowledge, only a limited number of studies has examined the differences and similarities between two specific countries in order to create a new customer satisfaction model. In this research, we studied the internet banking satisfaction model by comparing two countries: South Korea and Indonesia. We conducted an empirical study based on the data collected in both two countries. In this research, we found that countries which have adopted electric banking services, particularly between a country with high ICT adoption and a country with low ICT adoption, show different satisfaction trends. Based on the study results, herein we provide discussion, managerial, and practical implications.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.81-119
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• 2006

The parties in the trade can have full autonomy and can resolve disputes independently, impartially and without delay by selecting arbitration by agreement. Korea and Japan had revised their Arbitration Laws to incorporate as many provisions of the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law as possible. Japan had amended its century-old arbitration law, becoming the 45th country to adopt the UNCITRAL Model Law on International commercial arbitration. New Arbitration Law was enacted as Law No.138 of 2003 and effective on March 1, 2004, is applicable to both national and international arbitration. Korea had amended its arbitration law on December 31, 1999 and its New Arbitration Law incorporates the most of the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law as Japan. Arbitration must be popular in resolving international commercial disputes in Northeast Asian bloc in order to increase the volume of intra-trade in the Northeast Asian bloc. But in order for the parties to make use of arbitration in the bloc, the arbitration laws of nations in the bloc must have similarity and unification. As Korea and Japan playes important roles in the bloc, both nations's arbitration laws must be studied in view of similarity and difference to unify both nations' arbitration laws by way of showing an example. Therefore, this paper deals with both nations' arbitration laws in view of comparative law to unify their arbitration laws and Northeast Asian Nations' arbitration laws.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.91-125
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• 2016

Vietnam's "Doi Moi", initiated in 1986, translated to high economic growth and rapid urbanization for the country, but also widened the gap between rural and urban areas. Vietnam's National Target Program on New Rural Development for 2010-2020 was aimed at developing the rural economy and improving the living standards of rural people, but after five years the urban-rural gap remains substantial. Two of the main reasons are the lack of investment capital and lack of effective ways to mobilize community involvement. In contrast, during the 1970s, rural areas in Korea experienced huge improvements under the "Saemaul Undong" movement. The program's success at promoting sustainable development in Korea's rural areas has inspired rural programs in other developing countries. In this paper, we compare and contrast the two movements to provide explanations for the different results between the two countries. Based on this analysis, and policy implications stemming from it, we recommend resource mobilization strategies to change villagers' attitude and increase their involvement in Vietnam's rural development movement, aligning with the inclusivity principle "people know, people discuss, people do and people check".