• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.311-321
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• 1998

연구배경: 기관지 점액상피암은 기관지의 점액선세포에서 기인한 악성 종양으로 세포들의 구성비와 mitosis정도에 따라 저등급 몇 고등급 종양으로 구분되며 저등급의 종양은 예후가 양호한 반면 고등급의 종양은 선종편평상피암과 조직학적으로 감별이 어렵고 악성 임상경과를 보인다. 기관지 점액상피암은 폐종양의 0.1~0.2%, 그리고 기관지선종의 1~5%를 차지한다고 알려져 있으나 국내에는 소수의 증례보고만 있었다. 저자들은 문헌으로 확인된 예를 포함하여 경북대학교 병원에서 기관 및 기관지 정액상피암으로 진단된 예에 대하여 임상고찰을 하였다. 방 법: 1990년 1월부터 1996년 12월까지 점액상피암으로 진단받았던 9예와 국내에 보고된 증례가운데 문헌으로 확인할 수 있었던 8예를 포함한 17예를 대상으로 임상상, 방사선 및 기관지내시경소견, 그리고 조직학적소견과 임상경과 등을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결 과: 남자 12예와 여자 5예였으며, 평균나이는 42 세였다. 흡연력은 17예 가운데 5예에서 있었으며 평균 흡연력은 11인년이었다. 내원당시 주요 증상은 호흡곤란 9예, 기침 7예, 객혈 6예, 자각적 천명음 3예였으며, 증상이 없는 경우가 2 예였다. 단순 흉부 X-선 사진상 폐허탈소견이 8예, 종괴양 음영 5예, 폐렴양침윤소견이 2예, 다발성결절소견이 1예였으며. 1예는 정상이었다. 17예 가운데 16예는 중심형으로 발생부위는 좌주기관지가 5예, 우주기관지가 4예, 우중엽기관지가 2예였고, 그외 기관, 우중간간기관지, 우상엽기관지 및 좌상엽기관지가 각각 1예였으며, 1예는 양측 기관지에 병변이 있었다. 중심형 16예의 기관지 내시경소견은 외장형 종과 12예와 결절성 침윤소견 4 예였다. 우폐하야에 위치한 말초형 1예는 정상기관지 내시경소견이었다. 조직소견상 10예가 저등급이었고 7예는 고등급이었다. 10예의 저등급가운데 9예는 수술을 시행하였으며 종양이 상부기관에 있었던 l예는 레이저요법 및 방사선치료를 받았으나 사망하였다. 고등급암종 7예의 경우 2예는 전폐절제술을 시행하였고 종격동임파절, 심낭 및 흉막의 전이가 있었던 4 예와 폐결핵이 동반되어 전신상태가 불량하였던 1예는 항암화학요법과 방사선요법 또는 보존적치료를 하였다. 결 론: 점액상피암은 다양한 연령층에서 발생하고 대부분 중심기도에 위치하여 기도 자극증상과 함께 폐허탈, 종괴양음영 및 폐쇄성폐렴 등과 같은 방사선소견을 보인다. 병리조직학적인 등급과 주위장기로의 전이유무 등이 치료 및 예후판정에 있어 중요하다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.73-87
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• 2011

Objectives: This study is to investigate life style and weight control based on the body mass index, and tongue diagnosis in adolescent girls. Help controling unnecessary weight and establishing proper understanding of desirable body images and healthy life for adolescents are expected. Methods: The questionnaire surveys and physical examinations were conducted to examine the life style, weight-control behaviors, and the health status of 173 adolescent girls in Jeonju. Among the students surveyed, 162 answered seriously and were accepted as subjects for the study. Results: 1. The mean height was 160.4 cm and weight was 54.21 kg. The mean BMI of the girls was 21.1 kg/m2, which is normal. The percentages of the normal weight group (71.6%), overweight group (16.7%), obesity group (9.9%), underweight group (1.9%) were shown respectively. 2. The oriental medicine doctor examined the tongue diagnosis. The thin and white tongue fur was the most common (20.7%). This diagnosis showed no statistical significance to BMI. 3. The ideal height for the girls was 165 cm, and the ideal weight was 49 kg. 4. A considerable number of girls (50.6%) thought that a thin body figure was the most beautiful body shape for the women. 5. Even though the percentages of an actual overweight or obese group were 26.6%, 42.0% of the girls thought that they were plump. 6. 94.83% of the normal weight group concerned about the weight regulation. 7. Many girls were dissatisfied with their own body shape, and 86.9% of girls regarded being in a shape was important. 70.69% of the normal weight group answered that they were under stress of their body shapes. Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrate that there are serious misconceptions on body shapes of the adolescent girls, and mostly, unnecessary and inadequate weight control behaviors were done. Therefore, establishing adequately education on their desirable body images and healthy life is needed for the adolescent girls. In this study, there is no significant relationship between BMI and tongue diagnosis. For the number of subjects is not enough, further study on the relationship between the two is expected.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.229-233
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• 2021

Background: Iliotibial band friction syndrome (ITBFS) is a common disorder of the lateral knee. Previous research has reported that the iliotibial band (ITB) thickness (ITBT) is correlated with ITBFS, and ITBT has been considered to be a key morphologic parameter of ITBFS. However, the thickness is different from inflammatory hypertrophy. Thus, we made the ITB cross-sectional area (ITBCSA) a new morphological parameter to assess ITBFS. Methods: Forty-three patients with ITBFS group and from 43 normal group who underwent T1W magnetic resonance imaging were enrolled. The ITBCSA was measured as the cross-sectional area of the ITB that was most hypertrophied in the magnetic resonance axial images. The ITBT was measured as the thickest site of ITB. Results: The mean ITBCSA was 25.24 ± 6.59 ㎟ in the normal group and 38.75 ± 9.11 ㎟ in the ITBFS group. The mean ITBT was 1.94 ± 0.41 mm in the normal group and 2.62 ± 0.46 mm in the ITBFS group. Patients in ITBFS group had significantly higher ITBCSA (P < 0.001) and ITBT (P < 0.001) than the normal group. A receiver operator characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that the best cut-off value of the ITBT was 2.29 mm, with 76.7% sensitivity, 79.1% specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) 0.88. The optimal cut-off score of the ITBCSA was 30.66 ㎟, with 79.1% sensitivity, 79.1% specificity, and AUC 0.87. Conclusions: ITBCSA is a new and sensitive morphological parameter for diagnosing ITBFS, and may even be more accurate than ITBT.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.615-621
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• 2016

Objectives : To review surgical results of post-fusion lumbar flatback treated with pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) or Smith-Petersen osteotomies (SPOs). Methods : Twenty-eight patients underwent osteotomies. Radiological outcomes by sagittal vertical axis (SVA), and pelvic tilt (PT), T1 pelvic angle (T1PA), and pelvic incidence (PI)-lumbar lordosis (LL) at preoperative, postoperative 1 month, and final were evaluated. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analog scale (VAS) score of back pain/leg pain, and Scoliosis Research Society-22 score (SRS-22r) were analyzed and compared. Patients were divided into 2 groups (SVA ${\leq}5cm$ : normal, SVA >5 cm : positive) at final and compared outcomes. Results : Nineteen patients (68%) had PSO and the other 9 patients had SPOs with anterior lumbar interbody fusions (ALIFs) (Mean age : 65 years, follow-up : 31 months). The PT, PI-LL, SVA, T1PA were significantly improved at 1 month and at final (p<0.01). VAS score, ODI, and SRS-22r were also significantly improved at the final (p<0.01). 23 patients were restored with normal SVA and the rest 5 patients demonstrated to positive SVA. SVA and T1PA at 1 month and SVA, PI-LL, and T1PA at final were significantly different (p<0.05) while the ODI, VAS, and SRS-22r did not differ significantly between the groups (p>0.05). Common reoperations were early 4 proximal junctional failures (14%) and late four rod fractures. Conclusion : Our results demonstrate that PSO and SPOs with ALIFs at the lower lumbar are significantly improves sagittal balance. For maintenance of normal SVA, PI-LL might be made negative value and T1PA might be less than $11^{\circ}$ even though positive SVA group was also significantly improved clinical outcomes.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.875-884
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• 1998

Missing observations are common in medical research and health survey research. Several statistical methods to handle the missing data problem have been proposed. The EM algorithm (Expectation-Maximization algorithm) is one of the ways of efficiently handling the missing data problem based on sufficient statistics. In this paper, we developed statistical models and methods for survey data with multivariate missing observations. Especially, we adopted the EM algorithm to handle the multivariate missing observations. We assume that the multivariate observations follow a multivariate normal distribution, where the mean vector and the covariance matrix are primarily of interest. We applied the proposed statistical method to analyze data from a health survey. The data set we used came from a physician survey on Resource-Based Relative Value Scale(RBRVS). In addition to the EM algorithm, we applied the complete case analysis, which uses only completely observed cases, and the available case analysis, which utilizes all available information. The residual and normal probability plots were evaluated to access the assumption of normality. We found that the residual sum of squares from the EM algorithm was smaller than those of the complete-case and the available-case analyses.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 1998

Objective : The sensation of dysphagia, heartburn, globus hystericus, and functional dyspepsia are common symptoms of the functional upper gut disorders. This study was designed to investigate quantity of perceived stress, depression, and anxiety in the patients with functional upper gut symptoms whose esopahgeal manometry(EM) and gatroesophageal reflux (GERT) test were normal. Methods : A total of 38 patients who complained of the symptoms had been tested with 24-hour ambulatory EM and conventional GERT in our gastrointestinal clinic. Thirty patients whose tests had been normal(patients group) were assessed with Symptom Checklist-90-Revision(SCL-90-R), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), and Spielberger Stait-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) and compared with 30 patients(control group) without functional upper gut symtpoms in the hepatobiliary clinic. The two groups were also assessed by quantity of perceived stress during the last year through self-report. Results: 1) These patients tended to be predominently female, older, and possessed a lower education than control group. 79% of 38 patients who had been tested were normal. 2) Compared to the control group, the patients had significantly higher mean scores on four subscales(somatization, depression, anxiety, and positive symptom distress index). 3) The patient group had significantly more perceived stress than the control group. 4) The patients group had significantly higher levels of depression than the control gorup, but there was not any significant difference in the STAI. 5) There were significant positive correlations between the BDI score and the STAI-trait, the STAI-stait and the STAI-trait, the quantity of perceived stress and the STAI-trait. Conlusion : The patients with functional upper gut symptoms displayed more, psychological distress, sornatization, anxiety, and deperssion. Among them, patients had higer depression than control group. Functional upper gut symtoms could be more appropriately viewed as somatic symptoms of depression. These findings suggest that such patients need to have psychiatric intervention and treatment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권9호
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• pp.950-959
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• 2003

To assess zinc status by dietary intake and urinary excretion of preschool children in Busan and to evaluate the relationship of intakes of food and nutrient with urinary zinc excretion, zinc food frequencies of 40 common foods affecting intakes of zinc by food fequency method, nutrient intake by 24hr recall and 24hr urinary zinc excretion were measured with 97 preschool children. The mean zinc intake was 4.29 mg and 43.0% of RDA. The mean zinc intake per 1,000 kcal was 3.09 mg.97.9％ of subjects had zinc intake less than 75％ of RDA. Grains food group was the primary source of zinc intake and supplied 38.9% of the total daily zinc intake. Altogether, plant food products supplied 49.7% of zinc intake. The mean urinary zinc excretion and zinc excretion per gram of creatinine were 0.19 mg and 1.00 mg respectively. The urinary zinc excretion showed positive significant correlations with height and weight (p < 0.05, p < 0.05) , urine volume and urinary creatinine excretion (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) , urinary zinc excretion per creatinine (p < 0.001) , urinary zinc excretion per weight (p < 0.001) , intakes of energy and carbohydrate (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) and usual intake of zinc from eggs food group (p < 0.05) . In conclusion, these results show that the zinc intake of preschool children is low and that sources of dietary zinc are mainly plant foods, suggesting low bioavailability. So nutritional education is needed in order to inc-rease usual intake of animal food group. Interpretation of urinary zinc excretion data is complicated by current uncertainty about "normal" zinc level at this age group. Further studies are needed to obtain extensive data on urinary zinc excretion for this age group.age group.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2000

Objective : Asymptomatic cyst of the pineal gland is a common incidental finding in adults on computerized tomography or magnetic resonance image(MRI) or at postmortem examination. This study was conducted to identify MRI findings of the benign pineal cysts and to determine the proper management of asymptomatic pineal cysts. Methods : From January 1995 to March 1999, 13 cases of asymptomatic pineal cysts were diagnosed incidentally on MRI. The mean age of the patients at diagnosis was 43 years(ranged 8 to 69 years). Five patients were females and eight patients were males. We analyzed the clinical presentations and MRI findings. Results : Clincal features were not related to pineal cysts in all 13 cases included posttraumatic headache in seven cases, headache related to brain tumor in two cases, one of facial palsy, one of diabetic neuropathy, and two of other diseases. MRI demonstrated a well-demarcated mass lesion(mean 1.3cm in diameter) of low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI, performed in 10 cases, demonstrated a rim enhancement. Hydrocephalus was not present in all cases. Follow-up MRI(ranged 12 to 36 months) obtained in 3 of the 13 patients showed stability of cyst size. After symptomatic treatment, presenting symptoms were resolved in all patients and symptom related to pineal cysts have not been developed during follow up period(mean 27 months). Conclusion : The long-term behavior of asymptomatic pineal cysts is still unknown. But we advocate conservative management of these benign pineal cysts that may be developmental variants of normal pineal gland.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.411-418
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of body mass index with environmental and dietary factors including nutrition knowledge, and nutrition attitude of Korean adolescents. Anthropometric measurements, questionnaire responses, and 24-hour dietary records of 531 elementary, 543 middle, and 533 high school students residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do were collected. Data was analysed using SAS computer program. The results are as follows. Mean BMI of elementary school boys was higher than that of girls. However, there were no significant differences in mean BMI between sexes both in middle and high school students. Calcium and iron consumption were lowest among elementary and middle school students, respectively when the intake was expressed as a percentage of the Korean RDA. Energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, and vitamin C intakes(% RDA) were lowest among high school students. The factors influencing BMI of elementary students were BMI of the parents in boys, and BMI of the father in girls. In middle school students, energy intake, fathers BMI, mothers nutrition knowledge and students BMI, and nutrition knowledge were related to the obesity indices of boys, while fathers and mothers BMI were related to the mean obesity index of girls. In high school students, nutrition knowledge and mothers nutrition attitude were related to the obesity index of boys, while BMI of parents was related to the obesity index of girls. In conclusion, mothers and fathers BMI were the most common factors influencing the BMI of these adolescents. Although these results can not determine if food behaviour directly affects BMI, it may influence the BMIs of family members, and therefore nutrition education to keep normal weight and desiradle food habits should be emphasized. More systematic studies to investigate the cause-effect relations of these factors are required.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.119-126
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• 1985

To evaluate the performance characteristics of CA 19-9 radioimmunoassay and the clinical significance of serum CA 19-9 assay in patients with malignancy, serum CA 19-9 levels were measured by radioimmunoassay using monoclonal antibody in 135 normal controls, 81 patients with various untreated malignancy, 9 patients of postoperative colon cancer without recurrence and 20 patients with benign gastrointestinal diseases, who visited Seoul National University Hospital from June, 1984 to March, 1985. The results were as follows; 1) The CA 19-9 radioimmunoassay was simple to perform and can be completed in one work day. And the between-assay reproducibility and the assay recovery were both excellent. 2) The mean serum CA 19-9 level in 135 normal controls was $8.4{\pm}4.2U/mL$. Normal upper limit of serum CA 19-9 was defined as 21.0 U/mL. 4 out of 135(3.0%) normal controls showed elevated CA 19-9 levels above the normal upper limit. 3) One out of 20(5.0%) patients with benign gastrointestinal diseases showed elevated serum CA 19-9 level above the normal upper limit. 4) In 81 patients with various' untreated malignancy, 41 patients(50.6%) showed elevated serum CA 19-9 levels. 66.7% of 18 patients with colorectal cancer, 100% of 2 patients with pancreatic cancer, 100% of 3 patients with common bile duct cancer, 47.1% of 17 patients with stomach cancer, 28.6% of 28 patients with hepatoma and 60.0% of 5 other gastrointestinal tract cancers showed elevated serum CA 19-9 levels. 5) The sensitivities of serum CA 19-9 related to resectability in colorectal and stomach cancer were 33.3% in resectable colorectal cancer, 83.3% in unresectable colorectal cancer, 41.7% in resectable stomach cancer, 60.0% in unresectable stomach cancer respectively. 6) The sensitivity of serum CA 19-9 in 9 patients of postoperative colorectal cancer without recurrence were 33.3% and significantly decreased compared with that of untreated colorectal cancer, 66.7% (p<0.05). 7) In patients with colorectal cancer, simultaneous measurement of serum CA 19-9 and serum CEA levels increased sensitivities. From above results, we concluded that serum CA 19-9 radioimmunoassay is simple to perform and reproducible, and is a useful indicator reflecting tumor extent and responses to the treatment in patients with malignancy.