• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.574-580
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• 2020

In this study we sought to determine the food fraud by discriminating species of commercial seafood product such as Larimichthys polyactis, Larimichthys crocea, Pennahia argentatus, and Miichthys miiuy, which are difficult to morphologically discriminate. After amplifying the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of the reference fish, the DNA sequences of the amplified PCR products were analyzed. As a result, a 655 bp sequence for species identification was selected for use as DNA barcodes. To confirm the DNA data and primer set, the DNA barcode sequence of each fish was compared to that in that in the NCBI. All of the DNA barcode data were matched with the gene sequence of each fish in the NCBI. A total of 32 processed seafood products (8 L. polyactis, 12 L. crocea, 3 Pennahia argentatus, and 9 Miichthys miiuy) were investigated. Homology of 97% or more in DNA sequences was judged as the same species. As a result of the monitoring, there were no discovered cases of forgery or alteration. However, the use of a raw material name having no matching standard name in the Korea Food Code may cause consumer confusion. Therefore, it is suggested that the standard name or scientific name be co-labeled with the raw material name on seafood products to prevent consumer confusion.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.115-120
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• 2009

Objectives : Due to the morphological similarity and frequent occurrence of intermediate forms as well as morphological variations of aerial part, the correct identification between Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Rhei Undulatai Rhizoma is very difficult. To develop a reliable method for correct identification and improving the quality standards of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Rhei Undulatai Rhizoma, we analyzed RAPD and developed SCAR marker. Methods : To amplify target DNA at the genomic level, 32 Operon 10-mer random primers were applied with four Rheum species, R. officinale, R. palmatum, R. tanguticum and R. undulatum. The nucleotide sequences were determined and species-specific primers were prepared depending on the species-specific RAPD amplicons after subcloned into the pGEM-Teasy vector. To develop the SCAR markers, species-specific PCR amplification and multiplex-PCR were carried out using the single species-specific primer pairs and combinations of them, respectively. Results : We used RAPD analysis of four Rheum plant species to obtain several species-specific RAPD amplicons. From nucleotide sequences of these RAPD amplicons, we developed two SCAR markers that amplified 314 bp and 390 bp DNA fragments in only R. undulatum but not in R. officinale, R. palmatum, R. tanguticum and R. undulatum, for distinguishing Rhei Undulatai Rhizoma and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. Furthermore, we established SCAR markers for the simultaneous discrimination of the three species within a single reaction by using multiplex-PCR. Conclusions : These genetic markers can be used for the efficient discrimination of plants species and commercial herbal medicines between Rhei Undulatai Rhizoma and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, to ultimately prevent indiscriminate distribution and prescription of these herbal medicines.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2007

A diverse kind of environment-friendly agricultural materials(EFAM) for the control of insect pests is on the market. These EFAMs are a part of essential sources for the accomplishment of successful, sustainable, and environment-friendly agriculture. Thus, accurate information of these EFAMs is one that required for the success of environment-friendly agriculture, but, in reality, still appropriate information is absolutely in shortage. In this study, we, therefore, tested the efficacy of commercial EFAMs against two lepidopteran insect larvae, the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella(Lepidoptera: plutellidae) and the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). After the two insect pests were successfully stabilized in indoor environment the larvicidal activity was tested at $24{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, relative humidity(RH) of $60{\pm}5%$, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D, and mortality was determined 48 hrs after EFAMs are treated. The EFAMs that showed more than 90% of larvicidal activity were each six among 16 against both P. xylostella and S. litura and only three of them showed consistent larvicidal activity against both species, signifying species specificity of EFAMs and importance of selection of proper EFAMs depending on target insect pest.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.309-316
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• 2015

In this experiment, five commercial cultivars and one wild species of loquat were used to investigate frost tolerance and enzymatic activities in leaves and young fruits under cold stress at $-3^{\circ}C$. The frost injury, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and oxygen-scavenging enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were studied. This results showed that the wild species 'Wild Oak-leaf' loquat was the most frost tolerant among accessions tested, followed by the cultivar 'Golden Block'. Other cultivars, 'Wu Gong Bai', 'Taicheng 4', 'Xiangzhong 11' and 'Zaozhong 6', were relatively weak in frost tolerance. The enzymatic activities of SOD, POD and CAT increased initially and then decreased as the exposure time increased. However, the enzymatic peak occurred later in the frost-tolerant accession than in the frost-sensitive accession. The correlation coefficients of MDA contents between leaves and immature fruits were from 0.93 to 0.99 in the five commercial loquat cultivars. For the 'Wild Oak-leaf' loquat, the correlation coefficients of MDA and POD were 0.98 and 0.95, respectively, but the coefficients for SOD, CAT and APX were relatively low. In general, there were good correlations between loquat leaves and immature fruits in MDA content and enzyme activities. These results indicate that analysis of these physiological and biochemical activities in loquat leaves could potentially be used to predict the cold tolerance in loquat at immature fruit stage and to accelerate breeding programs for cold tolerance in loquat.

• ALGAE
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2005

The modern integrated fish-seaweed mariculture has been tested to reduce the environmental impacts of an intensive fed culture. To obtain the best seaweed bioremediation performance, the effects of therapeutants used for fish disease control on the selected seaweed species should be considered. As a selected seaweed, Porphyra yezoensis was tested with six commercial antibiotics including erythromycin thiocyanate_A, erythromycin thiocyanate_B, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, pefloxacin, and amoxicillin trihydrate under the batch incubation at a photon flux density of 10 $\mu$mol ${\cdot}m^{-2}\;{\cdot}\;s^{-1}$ at 15$^{\circ}C$. Among the tested commercial antibiotics, erythromycin thiocyanate_A, erythromycin thiocyanate_B, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline showed decreases in Fv/Fm, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, with a dose-dependant and time-dependant manner. From the quenching analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence, three differential patterns were observed in the antibiotics-treated Porphyra: (1) high nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and low photochemical quenching (qP) in the cases of Erythromycin thiocyanate_B and amoxicillin trihydrate, (2) high NPQ and high qP in the case of pefloxacin and (3) low NPQ and low qP in the case of oxytetracycline. These results indicated that antibiotics affected in various ways on the photosynthetic apparatus, reflecting differential lesion sites of antibiotics. In addition, the rates of ammonium uptake also decreased with a decrease of Fv/Fm in P. yezoensis thalli treated with erythromycin thiocyanate_B and oxytetracycline. Therefore, the four antibiotics mentioned could affect the bioremediation capacity of the selected seaweed species in the integrated fish-seaweed mariculture system due to the decrease of photosynthetic activity and the simultaneous decrease of ammonium uptake.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.275-283
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• 1982

One hundred and sixteen seed samples of 16 different crops were tested by routine seed health testing methods. Seeds of rice, soybean and barley were found to be associated with 18, 15 and 7 species of fungi, respectively. Discoloration and spotting of various kinds were observed in rice seeds. Epicoccum purpurascens, Pyricularia oryzae and Trichoconiella pedwickii were higher in these discoloured than in normal seeds of rice. Macrophomina phaseolina, the charcoal-rot fungus is a new record for soybean in Korea. Seeds of sesame were infected by 13 fungi Alternaria sesami, A. sesarmicola and Corynespora cassiicola were detected predominantly. Twenty one species of fungi were detected in seed samples of 12 commercial vegetable crops. Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Fusarium were found predominantly. Some seed samples of commercial vegetable crops were heavily infected with pathogenic fungi and showed heavy seed and seedling rot.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2013

Even though seedling production of Haliotis discus hannai has fully developed, the culture of benthic diatom as a live food for larvae is still a barrier to solve in commercial hatchery. The farmer depends on mixed microalgae which are non-selectively attached on the plate by flowing of natural seawater. The adequate diatom on the plate for the larvae in terms of quality and quantity is always significant bottleneck in the hatchery. In this study, two benthic diatom species, Caloneis schroederi and Rhaphoneis sp. were separately cultured in mass and inoculated to four tons' settlement tank of the larvae. And the larvae and the spats were cultured for nineteen and nine weeks, respectively. The result on seedling production of H. discus hannai with this method was compared to that of the farmer's traditional method as a control. With regard to variation of species composition of benthic diatom on the plate, C. schroederi and Rhaphoneis sp. were dominant for first three weeks after inoculation. But the diverse diatoms mainly, Navicula, Amphora, Cylindrotheca, Licmophora, Pleurosigma began to attache on the plate from the 4th week. The larvae attached 2.5 times more in C. schroederi tank than in the control tank. The final total biomass of the seeds in Rhaphoneis sp. tank was 3.2 times more than that of the control tank. The retared-spats in the seedling production also showed significantly higher growth and survival in the spat fed Rhaphoneis sp. or C. schroederi than those in the control group. We suggest that C. schroederi is proper for settlement of the larvae and Rhaphoneis sp. is appropriate for the growth of the larvae and spats in the commercial hatchery of H. discus hannai.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.234-242
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• 2020

In this study, we monitored the raw materials in home-meal replacement (HMR) products, which have shown more than 63% growth in market size for two years. A total of 89 HMR products were purchased and the DNA barcodes of 112 raw materials in the product samples were analyzed. In order to identify the raw material species, a primer set specific for the 16S ribosomal RNA region of each raw material species was amplified. The amplicon was purified and sequenced, and then used to perform a BLAST search provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The species of the raw material was determined by comparing the nucleotide sequences of the species registered in GenBank with identity and match score. Twenty-four species and three genera were identified from 112 raw materials. Three genera were identified at the genus level because a large number of species belonging to the same genus exist within 98% of the identity criteria. The results of the determination were compared with the available raw materials suggested in the Korea Food Code to determine the Korean name and availability of the foods. Six non-listed species were determined to be edible according to information provided by influential domestic and foreign organizations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.892-901
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• 2009

This study confirmed depletion efficiency of nitrite when incubate lactic acid bacteria was isolated from commercial Chinese cabbage pickles (Baechu kimchi), pickled ponytail radishes (Chongkak kimchi), radish cube kimchi (Kaktugi) and pickled Wakegi (Pa kimchi) at temperatures of $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. At $15^{\circ}C$, lactic acid bacteria isolated from commercial kimchi depleted nitrite actively except Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and Leuconostoc paramesenteroides. In particular, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextrinicum and Leuconostoc lactis depleted nitrite by very actively without period adaptation in nitrite. Lactobacillus sake, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei subsp. pseudoplantarum, and Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. torquens depleted nitrite very actively after 1 day. L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides depleted nitrite relatively actively after 2 days pass. In contrast, L. paramesenteroides displayed very low nitrite depletion ratio compared to other species. At $25^{\circ}C$, all lactic acid bacteria isolated from commercial kimchi did not need adapting period in nitrite, and depleted nitrite very actively except L. paramesenteroides. Also, all lactic acid bacteria except L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and L. paramesenteroides nitrite of more than 90% after 1 day, and L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides depleted nitrite of more than 90% after 2 days. However, because L. paramesenteroides was not active even at $25^{\circ}C$, nitrite depletion efficiency was very low compared to other species. On the other hand, the same species of Lactobacilli and Leuconostocs except L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and L. paramesenteroides of other kimchi origin at $15^{\circ}C$ as well as $25^{\circ}C$ by vitality depleted nitrite very actively without statistically significant difference (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.320-325
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• 2013

"SaCheolNaMu" has been used as a Korean folk medicine for the jaundice, lumbago and uterine diseases. Although a crude drug related to this folk medicine is sold in traditional herbal market, the botanical origin of this drug has not been pharmacognostically confirmed yet. In this study, the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the stem of Euonymus species growing in Korea, i.e. Euonymus japonica and E. fortunei var. radicans were studied to clarify the botanical origin of "SaCheolNaMu". As a result, it was found that these two species could be discriminated by the morphological criteria such as the thickness of cuticles, the number of collenchyma cell layers, and the frequency of druse and resinous substance. According to these criteria, it was elucidated that the commercial folk medicine "SaCheolNaMu" was the stem of E. japonica. Meanwhile, HPLC-DAD analysis on the 70% ethanolic extracts of two species showed significantly different HPLC profiles each other. The molecular ions of three characteristic peaks shown in the chromatogram of two species were identified by ESI-MS, and their structures were estimated to be flavonol glycosides.