• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1246-1246
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• 2001

The quality of meat is highly variable in many properties. This variability originates from both animal production and meat processing. At the pre-slaughter stage, animal factors such as breed, sex, age contribute to this variability. Environmental factors include feeding, rearing, transport and conditions just before slaughter (Hildrum et al., 1995). Meat can be presented in a variety of forms, each offering different opportunities for adulteration and contamination. This has imposed great pressure on the food manufacturing industry to guarantee the safety of meat. Tissue and muscle speciation of flesh foods, as well as speciation of animal derived by-products fed to all classes of domestic animals, are now perhaps the most important uncertainty which the food industry must resolve to allay consumer concern. Recently, there is a demand for rapid and low cost methods of direct quality measurements in both food and food ingredients (including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), enzymatic and inmunological tests (e.g. ELISA test) and physical tests) to establish their authenticity and hence guarantee the quality of products manufactured for consumers (Holland et al., 1998). The use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) for the rapid, precise and non-destructive analysis of a wide range of organic materials has been comprehensively documented (Osborne et at., 1993). Most of the established methods have involved the development of NIRS calibrations for the quantitative prediction of composition in meat (Ben-Gera and Norris, 1968; Lanza, 1983; Clark and Short, 1994). This was a rational strategy to pursue during the initial stages of its application, given the type of equipment available, the state of development of the emerging discipline of chemometrics and the overwhelming commercial interest in solving such problems (Downey, 1994). One of the advantages of NIRS technology is not only to assess chemical structures through the analysis of the molecular bonds in the near infrared spectrum, but also to build an optical model characteristic of the sample which behaves like the “finger print” of the sample. This opens the possibility of using spectra to determine complex attributes of organic structures, which are related to molecular chromophores, organoleptic scores and sensory characteristics (Hildrum et al., 1994, 1995; Park et al., 1998). In addition, the application of statistical packages like principal component or discriminant analysis provides the possibility to understand the optical properties of the sample and make a classification without the chemical information. The objectives of this present work were: (1) to examine two methods of sample presentation to the instrument (intact and minced) and (2) to explore the use of principal component analysis (PCA) and Soft Independent Modelling of class Analogy (SIMCA) to classify muscles by quality attributes. Seventy-eight (n: 78) beef muscles (m. longissimus dorsi) from Hereford breed of cattle were used. The samples were scanned in a NIRS monochromator instrument (NIR Systems 6500, Silver Spring, MD, USA) in reflectance mode (log 1/R). Both intact and minced presentation to the instrument were explored. Qualitative analysis of optical information through PCA and SIMCA analysis showed differences in muscles resulting from two different feeding systems.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.485-491
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• 2007

The effects of biological pretreatment on the Japanese red pine Pinus densiflora, was evaluated after exposure to three white rot fungi Ceriporia lacerata, Stereum hirsutum, and Polyporus brumalis. Change in chemical composition, structural modification, and their susceptibility to enzymatic saccharification in the degraded wood were analyzed. Of the three white rot fungi tested, S. hirsutum selectively degraded the lignin of this sortwood rather than the holocellulose component. After eight weeks of pretreatment with S. hirsutum, total weight loss was 10.7%, while lignin loss was the highest at 14.52% among the tested samples. However, holocellulose loss was lower at 7.81 % compared to those of C. lacerata and P. brumalis. Extracelluar enzymes from S. hirsutum showed higher activity of ligninase and lower activity of cellulase than those from other white rot fungi. Thus, total weight loss and changes in chemical composition of the Japanese red pine was well correlated with the enzyme activities related with lignin- and cellulose degradation in these fungi. Based on the data obtained from analysis of physical characterization of degraded wood by X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) and pore size distribution, S. hirsutum was considered as an effective potential fungus for biological pretreatment. In particular, the increase of available pore size of over 120 nm in pretreated wood powder with S. hirsutum made enzymes accessible for further enzymatic saccharification. When Japanese red pine chips treated with S. hirsutum were enzymatically saccharified using commercial enzymes (Cellulclast 1.5 L and Novozyme 188), sugar yield was greatly increased (21.01 %) compared to non-pre treated control samples, indicating that white rot fungus S. hirsutum provides an effective process in increasing sugar yield from woody biomass.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.479-486
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• 2005

Arabinoxylan, a complex polysaccharide in cereal cell walls, has recently received research attention as a biological response modifier. The immunomodulating effect of arabinoxylans from rice bran (AXrb) was studied using a combined process of extrusion and commercial hemicellulase treatment in order to elucidate the augmentation mechanism of cell-mediated immunity in vitro. The cytotoxicity of mouse spleen lymphocytes against YAC-1 tumor cells was significantly enhanced by treatment with AXrb at $10-100\;{\mu}g/mL$. In an attempt to investigate the mechanism by which AXrb enhance NK cytotoxicity, we examined the effect of AXrb on cytokine production by spleen lymphocytes. Culture supernatants of the cells incubated with AXrb were collected and analyzed for IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma}$ synthesis by ELISA. IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma}$ production were increased significantly. These results suggest that AXrb may induce Th1 immune responses. Macrophages play an important role in host defenses against tumors by killing them and producing secretory products, which protect against bacterial, viral infection and malignant cell growth. AXrb were examined for their ability to induce secretory and cellular responses in murine peritoneal macrophages. When macrophages were treated with various concentrations ($10-100\;{\mu}g/mL$) of AXrb, AXrb induced tumoricidal activity, as well as increasing phagocytosis and the production of NO, $H_2O_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6. These results indicate that reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and inflammatory cytokines are likely to be the major mediators of tumoricidal activity in AXrb-treated macrophages. Therefore, AXrb may be useful in cancer immunotherapy and it is anticipated that AXrb obtained using extrusion and subsequent enzyme treatment can be used as an ingredient in nutraceuticals and cereal-based functional food.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제38권
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• pp.47-68
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• 2008

I have observed the validity of open-offer from a point of European contract law in comparison with International Trade Law in this paper. Generally we know that an offer is an expression of willingness bo be bound to the contract. In English law if there are no intention it will be considered such as circulation of price lists or catalogues. As for French law these activities could be considered as an offer. However German law is closer to English law as to an offer. A contract which does not ascertained price is open-price terms and it can be applied not only for general commercial contracts but also for franchise or for distributorship agreements especially in Europe. When open-price terms applied to reserve a exclusive right to the contract the validity of contract can be a serious matter between principals. In English law an offer must be sufficiently complete to be capable of acceptaqnce. English law does not require that price terms should be indicated on offer. English law allow a open-price terms in the contract. In French law a contract will be valid in the absense of a price which is either determined or objectively determinable. A price by the market price of similar products is not enough to be valid offer. It should be recognized and accepted objectively by third parties. French law require that price terms should be indicated on offer. Open-price terms are not enough to be an effective offer. However German law shows more flexible than French law. In German law if the price is not fixed in the contract there are four ways to determine it. The seller may determine the price by the time of deliver. By reason of thess backgrounds I have made comparison with European contract law and International trade law on the validity of open-price offer in this paper. It seems that we are not familiar with open-price terms although franchise contract or special terms of contract have been increased in these days. So I hope this paper will be helpful to show a new point of view.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2005

Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is considered as a candidate for portable power sources, that could overcome the disadvantages of lithium battery. But in order to attain commercial viability the long term stability of the DMFC should be achieved. Understanding the long-term behavior of membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) is a prerequisite to this purpose and the optimization of the MEA is also needed. In this study we have investigated the changes in performance and electrochemical properties of the MEA during extended operation and the effects of heat treatment of MEA on the long-term performance. The MEAs have been treated in an autoclave with saturated water vapor at 120$^{\circ}C$, vacuum oven at 140$^{\circ}C$ and boiling in organic solvents. The autoclaved MEA was found to be have the best long term performance. The on-off operation mode also increased the performance probably due to effective removal of products from the electrodes. Physical and electrochemical analyses using a scanning electron microscope, impedance analyser and half-cell technique have been done to characterize the MEAs.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.392-403
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• 2008

사용자가 작성한 리뷰는 다양한 활용성을 갖는 가치 있는 데이타이다. 특히 온라인 쇼핑몰에서의 상품평은 사용자의 구매 결정에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 중요한 정보이다. 본 논문에서는 실제 쇼핑몰 사이트에 있는 상품평을 분석하여 각 상품의 특징과 이에 대한 사용자의 의견을 요약하고 상품의 순위를 산정하는 상품평 분석 시스템을 설계하고 구현하였다. 상품평을 분석하는 과정에서는 자연언어처리 기법과 의미 사전을 사용한다. 의미 사전에는 상품의 특징을 표현하는 어휘와 각 어휘들의 극성(Polarity) 정보들을 반자동화된 도구들을 활용하여 정의할 수 있도록 구현하였다. 이에 더하여 문맥에 따라 다른 의미를 갖는 어휘를 의미 사전에서 정의하고 활용하는 방법에 대해서도 논의하였다. 실험은 2개 상품 분류의 20개 상품, 1796개의 실제 상품평을 수집하여 상품의 순위를 측정하고 주요 요소를 분석하는 방식으로 진행하였다. 그 중 2개 상품에 대한 63개의 상품평에 대하여 분석의 정확률과 재현율을 측정하였으며, 평균 88.94%의 정확률, 47.92%의 재현율을 나타내었다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제25권2호통권81호
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• pp.121-129
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• 1997

송이는 동양권 문화에서는 중요하며, 값비싼 버섯으로 알려져 있다. 채집된 송이의 자실체에 분리된 송이균사에서 추출된 DNA를 RAPD 방법을 통하여 비교하였다. 비교된 송이균사들은 각각 분리된 송이자실체에서 분리되었으며, PDA에서 성장이나 균총의 형태가 다른 것들을 취하여 비교하였다. 그런데, 이 실험을 통하여, PCR 조건에서 만들어진 RAPD-밴드를 집괴분석한 것을 비교하였으며, 또 다른 방법으로는 Southern blotting 통하여 확인하였다. 그결과, 두 방법에서 송이균사로 추정되는 균사를 확인하여, 이들의 균사에 대한 실험실내의 성장과 균총을 확인하였다. 균사의 성장은 매우 느리며 (10 cm per month), 균총은 반투명한 것이며, 현미경관찰하에 어떤 후막포자와 갈고리모양의 균사가 발견되지 않았다.

• 폴리머
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.397-402
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• 2008

과불소 에테르 화합물(PFPE)은 높은 접촉각 및 낮은 표면에너지, 우수한 윤활제 성질과 방오성의 특성을 가지고 있어 산업적으로 많은 관심을 받아왔다. 반면에, 합성단계의 복잡성과 위험성을 갖고 있어 많은 연구가 되어 오지 못했다. 본 연구에서는 과불소 폴리에테르 올리고머 형태의 새로운 실란화합물을 합성하고 $^{19}F$-NMR 및 $^1H$-NMR을 통하여 구조분석 하였다. 또한 코팅필름의 접촉각 및 흐름각, 내오염성 등 표면 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 기존의 방오성 필름보다 낮은 흐름각과 우수한 내오염성의 특징을 보여 방오성 필름 코팅 제로서 산업적 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2005

There are more than three hundred garlic peeling facilities in Korea and most of them use pressurized air for skin peeling operation. One of the major problems of using air for the peeling operation is the occurrence of excessive bruises on the flesh of peeled garlic which causes easy microbial contamination and shortening of the shelf lift. To reduce the occurrence of bruises during the peeling operation, a new type of garlic peeling system was developed which use pressurized water. In this system, high pressure water jets were used to separate garlic bulbs and to peel the skin of garlic cloves. Six commercial systems of this type had been developed and installed at several locations in Korea. The design and performance of the latest system according to three pressure levels were described in this paper. Peeling efficiency of the system was as high as $64.7\%$ in one cycle of peeling operation by three chambers installed in series. Incorporation of a sorting system based on machine vision and re-circulation of unpeeled and partially-peeled garlic enhanced peeling efficiency by additional $30\%$, resulting in total peeling efficiency of the final products of approximately $95\%$. Peeling capacity of the system was over 400 kg per hour.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.131-141
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• 2009

현재 일반화되어 있는 침입탐지 시스템의 경우 중요한 서버의 보안에 유용한 호스트기반 IDS는 합법적인 사용자의 불법행위를 모니터링 가능하고 운영체계와 밀접히 결합하여 보다 정교한 모니터링, 네트워크 환경과 상관없이 사용가능 하다는 장점이 있지만 비용의 증가와 침입탐지를 위한 처리에 해당 시스템 자원소모, 네트워크 기반의 공격에 취약하며 IDS오류 시 해당 호스트의 기능이 마비될 수 있다. 네트워크기반 IDS는 네트워크 엑세스 지점에만 설치하여 비용점감 및 네트워크 자원에 대한 오버 헤드감소, 공격에 노출될 가능성이 낮으며 네트워크 환경에 관계없이 사용가능하지만 대용량의 트래픽 처리에 어려움과 제한된 탐지능력, 알려지지 않은 악성코드나 프로그램에 대처능력이 떨어지는 한계를 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 보안 솔루션들 중에서 개인용 방화벽을 활용하는 데스크톱 보안과 함께 적용하여 개인용 컴퓨터의 보안능력을 향상시키는 유출 트래픽 분석기반 침입탐지시스템의 설계 및 구현을 목적으로 한다. 침입이 발생하고 새로운 패턴의 악성 프로그램이 정보의 유출을 시도하는 행위를 탐지하여 차단함으로써 컴퓨터나 네트워크의 심각한 손실을 감소시킬 수 있다.