• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.85-99
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• 2005

This trial was carried out to determine effects of organic feeds in comparison to conventional diet on feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean native goats. Twelve Korean native goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats and then they were housed in separate metabolism cages for 21 days. Treatments included conventional diet (A) as a control group and three organic feed groups (B: organic rice straw, C: organic nee leaves, D: organic mixture of rice straw and tree leaves). The A treatment, conventional diet, consisted of common rice straw and commercial concentrates at a proportion of 60 and 40%, respectively. All ingredients of organic feeds treatments were organically produced-agricultural products without any application of chemical fertilizer and pesticide. Four experimental diets were formulated to have the same ratio of forage to concentrate and similar contents for protein and carbohydrate across treatments and they were offered to goats ad libitum. Feed intake, apparent nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention were investigated. For chemical compositions of experimental diets, all nutrients except crude ash and ether extract were not significantly different across treatments as we expected. Crude ash content was highest in the A treatment (P<0.05), however, it was not significantly different among organic feeds treatments. Ether extract content was higher (P<0.05) in C and D treatments than in A and B. Even if dry matter intakes for organic feeds treatments were not significantly different among them, they were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared with conventional diet. Fecal excreta were not significantly different across treatments, resulting in significantly higher digestible dry matter (g/day) in treatments of organic feeds (P<0.01). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) were more increased (P<0.01) in treatments of organic feeds compared with conventional diet. Digestibilities for most of nutrients except NFC had the same trend as ADG and FE, however, NFC digestibilities for C and D treatments were significantly lower (P<0.01) than those of A and B. Nitrogen intakes for organic feeds treatments were significantly higher (P<0.001) than conventional diet, with no difference among organic feeds treatments. Fecal nitrogen loss was higher (P<0.05) for C and D treatments than for A and B. Retained nitrogen contents were significantly higher (P<0.05) for organic feeds treatments than for conventional diet, but nitrogen retention rate did not show any difference across treatments. The results showed that organic feed supplementation more improved feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in comparison with conventional diet, and thus they could be concluded that organic feeds might contribute to animal performance and a safer production of animal product.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.637-643
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• 2012

This study was performed to increase the utilization of rice and improve the productivity of jochung, traditional food in Korea. Two kinds of jochung products were prepared from steamed rice(SR) and wet-milled rice flour(WRF) by rice cultivated from 2006 to 2010. It is common to add a liquefying enzyme for rice liquefaction(4 $m{\ell}$/1,000 g rice, at $90{\sim}95^{\circ}C$, 3 h) and saccharogenic enzyme with malt(45 g/1,000 g rice, at $55{\sim}57^{\circ}C$, 6 h). In order to evaluate the quality characteristics of jochung, producing rate, pH, solidity, reducing sugar, dextrose equivalence(D.E.), viscosity, total phenolic compound, color value and sensory evaluation were carried out. In terms of the producing rate of jochung, WRF jochung was produced about 7.4% much more than SR jochung. There was no difference in producing rate between the jochung cultivated from 2006 to 2010 rice. The pH varied from 4.86~5.66, solidity was 79.48~82.28%. Color L value was 25.82~27.92, a value of 1.28~2.81, b value were 2.98~4.33. The results of sensory evaluation for jochung, as a whole, received higher score than for the commercial product(Daesang Co., Ltd, Seoul, Korea), overall acceptability score was the highest in the 2008SR. Reducing sugar, dextrose equivalence(D.E.) and total phenolic compounds were determined to be higher WRF jochung than SR jochung, while viscosity was lower WRF jochung than SR jochung. These results are thought to be due to increased surface area of rice by milling. SR jochung manufacturd by wet-milled rice flour will increase the producing rate for jochung, thereby saving manufacturing time and costs.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.351-356
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to develop a rapid and reliable method for the sex determination of beef using the PCR(polymerase chain reaction) technique. We have used two bovine sex determining genes, SRY and ZFY, on the Y-chromosome to identify the sex of Hanwoo and Holstein beet. We attempted to amplify 1,348 bp and 979 bp fragments from male and female genomic DNA corresponding to the SRY and ZFY genes, respectively, using male specific primers. The amplified PCR products were separated by electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel to detect a male specific DNA band. When DNA from male beef was amplified with primers specific for the SRY gene, a DNA band of 1,348 bp was present in all of the male samples, but absent from all of the female samples. Also, when DNA from male beef was amplified with primers specific for the ZFY gene, a DNA band of 979 bp was observed in all of the male samples, but absent from all female samples. In conclusion, the bovine SRY and ZFY genes are typically found only in male beef. For the practical application of this method for the sexing of commercial beef at the processing and marketing stages after slaughter. a total of 350 beef samples collected randomly from local markets were analyzed for sex determination. The proportions of male and female samples were 252 (72%) and 98 (28%), respectively. Therefore. the SRY and ZFY genes. which are specific for the Y-chromosome, may be useful sex-diagnostic DNA markers to distinguish male meat from female meat.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제96권1호
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• pp.96-106
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper was to identify the effects of elimination of entrance fee (EEF) affecting visitor's satisfaction (VS) and management sectors such as natural resources (NRs), park facilities, transportation, visitor service, visitor atmosphere (VA) in national parks (NPs). This research had obtained data through a questionnaire, which surveyed 336 visitors at Gayasan NP in 2006. The data were analyzed the data using descriptive statistical methods, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression method. It was found that 1) About EEF, 72.6% of respondents agreed. 2) As entrance fee was abolished, respondents predicted that degree of VA such as crowding, waste throwing, disorder etc. grew worse most. On the other hands, respondents predicted number and quality of commercial lodging facilities, festival, and local products would improved. 3) Respondents predicted that degree of VS would worse. 4) in multiple regression analysis, the relative contribution of the VA on VS have been determined to have respectively 1.84 times more important than that of the change degree of NRs. The results suggested that the management of VA in NP was the most important factor to prevent decline of VS. This paper would be helpful to establish national park management policy after EEF.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.52-59
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• 2005

The Aphyllophorales is a large order containing about 2,000 known species. Many of these are the bracket and coral fungi. The vast majority of these fungi are saprophytic on the plant debris. Many species are significant in decomposing plant remains, as they are able to digest cellulose or lignin that occurs in plant cell walls. Many of these fungi have been involved in everyday human affairs. A few were used medicinally by the Greeks and Romans as a remedy for many complaints, including colic, fractured limbs and bruises. Other bracket fungi have been used as curry combs for horses, as snuff, as razor strops and as a source of dye for clothing. The texture of the basidiocarp may be similar to that of cork, wood, leather, paper, or cartilage. Unlike the basidiocarps of the Order Agaricales, the basidiocarps of the Aphyllophorales are not fleshly and moist. Division of the members of the Aphyllophorales into genera was originally made on the basis of gross morphology of the basidiocarp and hymenium and Donk(1964) recognizes 22 families in this order. The species and genus whose typical in Aphylloporales were listed in Table. with related information. The ITS region sequence of some genus were found by BLAST search. Sequences retrieved from GenBank were visually aligned by the program CLUSTAL G. As a result, the medicinal mushroom was separated in four groups. In this multiple alignment, the sequence analysis among Fomes group, Inonotus group and Phellinus group showed high genetic similarity except Hericium group and Sparassis group.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.109-124
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• 1990

A rapid processing method for fish sauce of high quality stability and favorable flavor was investigated using mackerel waste as starting material. The chopped waste was homogenized with water and hydrolyzed by commercial proteolytic enzymes such as Complex enzyme-2000($2.18\cdot10^4$ U/g solid, Pacific Chem. Co.) and Alcalase ($1.94\cdot10^4$ U/g solid, Novo) in a cylindrical vessel with 4 baffles and 6-bladed turbine impeller. Optimal pH and temperature for the hydrolysis with Complex enzyme-2000 were 8.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, and those with Alcalase were 9.0 and $55^{\circ}C$. In both cases, the reasonabe amount of added water and enzyme concentration based on the waste weight were $40\%,\;3\%$ and hydrolyzing time was 100 min. Thermal treatment of the hydrolysate with $6\%$ of invert sugar for 2 hours at $90^{\circ}C$ was adequated to inactivation of the enzymes and pasteurization of the hydrolysate. Flavor, taste and color of the hydrolysate were improved during the thermal treatment in which the browning reaction products might participate and result in antioxidative and bactericidal effects. Combined use of $0.005\%$ of Caryophylli flos with $6\%$ of invert sugar was also effective for the improvement of taste. Yield of the fish sauce based on the total nitrogen of the raw waste was $93.7\~94.9\%$, and $87.6\~87.9\%$ of the total nitrogen in the fish sauce was in the from of amino nitrogen. The pH, salinity and histamine content of the fish sauce prepared with $15\%$ of table salt were $6.1\~6.2$, $14.0\~14.5\%$ and less than $10mg\%$, respectively. The fish sauce was stable on bacterial growth during the storage of 60 days at $26\pm3^{\circ}C$ and the quality was also maintained.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.125-136
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• 1990

To develope a rapid processing method for fish sauce, processing conditions of fish sauce from sardine waste was investigated. The chopped waste was homogenized and hydrolyzed by commercial proteolytic enzymes such as Complex enzyme-2000($2.18\cdot10^4$ U/g solid) and Alcalase($1.94\cdot10^4$ U/g solid) in a cylindrical vessel with 4 baffles and 6-bladed turbine impeller. Optimal temperature for the case of hydrolysis with Complex enzyme-2000 was 50 and that with Alcalase was $55^{\circ}C$. In both cases, the reasonable pH, amount of water for homo-genization, enzyme concentration and hydrolyzing time were 8.0, $40\%$ (W/W), $3\%$ and 100 min, respectively. Heating of the filtrated hydrolysate for 2 hours at $90^{\circ}C$ with $6\%$ of invert sugar was suitable for pasteurization of the hydrolysate and inactivation of enzymes. Flavor, taste and color of the hydrolysate was improved during the thermal treatment in which the browning reaction products might participate and result in antioxidative and bactericidal effects. Combined use of $0.005\%$ of Caryophylli flos with invert sugar was also effective for the improvement of taste. Yield of the fish sauce based on the total nitrogen in the raw sardine waste was $91.2\~92.3\%$ and $87.2\~87.8\%$ of the total nitrogen in the fish sauce was in the form of amino nitrogen. The pH, salinity and histamine content of the fish sauce prepared with $15\%$ of table salt were $6.1\~6.2$, $14.2\~14.4\%$ and less than $10mg\%$, respectively. The fish sauce was stable during the storage of 60 days at $26\pm3^{\circ}C$ on bacterial growth and its quality was also maintained.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.108-115
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• 2012

Archaeological waterlogged woods found under the sea, in lakes, or in swamp environments are generally weak and fragile. If waterlogged wood materials were taken out of the water and left without modification, they would collapse and lose their original dimensions completely. Conservation is performed to replace the water with chemical agents and to give dimensional stabilization and durability. EDTA and PEG are the most commonly used in the preservation of wood. pH control-precipitation method is used for recovery of EDTA from waste fluid of archeological waterlogged wood conservation treatment. The black substance is eliminated from wood as Fe-EDTA complex are formed and EDTA is separated and precipitated from Fe-EDTA complexes at pH 2.68 or less. The result of analysis of the precipitated products and the commercial EDTA by FT-IR and FE-SEM showed that precipitated product by pH adjusted was not a type of Fe-EDTA complex, but pure EDTA. Waste fluid produced in PEG treatment shows the black color and has an offensive odor by organic matter extracted from wood. Color of waste fluid is decolored with oxidation reaction by peroxy hydrate. In FT-IR and SEM-EDX of PEG after freeze-drying process, no significant change of functional groups induced from oxidation is observed, and any metal ion does not exist in the solid PEG specimen. The molecular weight of PEG is measured using GPC and viscometry. Properties of PEG before and after preservation treatment, and after oxidation with $H_2O_2$ were not changed. Consequently, the peroxidation with $H_2O_2$ is a reasonable and simple method to decolor the used PEG solution.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.55-70
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• 2009

There is under restructuring of whole distribution market in Mokpo recently. Large-Scale Discount Stores such as E-mart, Lotte Mart, Homeplus and Nonghyup Hanaro Mart entered successfully in the distribution environment in Mokpo. However, the small and medium distributors are falling rapidly, and traditional market is depressed. This status gives some positive effects to make one-stop, good price, good quality and great variety of shopping for saving the time and effort through changing the customers' life-style. This change, however, made the traditional market worse that played as the core channel for trading the local special products and an important role for local economic in retailing market. It is a threatening factor for that traditional market to recover the recession. The decline of traditional market and the bankruptcy of small retailing dealers accelerate the stagnation of local economic and commercial power. Therefore, it need a systematic and synthetical study to solve the negative factors for improving life of the local resident. This paper looked into the concept, issues and development strategy of traditional market that affect local economic development directly. It studied the customers' awareness for traditional market that was recently modernized the facilities in Mokpo. Particularly, based on the research material that was published last academic symposium, it looked about the issues and development strategy that could happen in traditional market not the market of a specific region but all over the country. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is that the central and local government and retailers get a help to make the efficient and useful development strategy through analyzing the effects of customers for modernizing the facilities of traditional market.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.198-204
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• 2000

In order to utilize by-products which would normally be discarded in marine processing plants, cod teiset protein was hydrolyzed and antioxidative actiTity of the hydrolysate was investigated. AntioxidatiTe peptide was isolated using ultrafiltration membrane, ion-exchange chromatography on a SP-Sephadex C-25 column, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-15 column, high performance liquid chromatography on an ODS column, and capillary electrophoresis chromatography. Antioxidative activities of the cod teiset hydrolysate were compared with ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, one of the commercial antioxidant. The hydrolysate passed through a membrane with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 1 kDa was shown the strongest antioxidative activity, and the activity was higher $10{\%}$ as compared with ${\alpha}-tocopherol$. In addition, the peptide isolated by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and HPLC, respectively, was higher $53{\%}$ as compared with ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, and the amino acid sequence was Ser-Asn-Pro-Glu-Trp-Ser-Trp-Asn.